ExalphaBIOLOGicalsproducesandsellsproductsforLifeScienceResearch,includingmonoclonalandpolyclonalantibodies,foruseinimmunohistochemistry,westernblot,ELISAandFlowCytometry.Weofferover800productsand,throughcollaborationswithotherscientistsaswellasourownin-houseR&Dprograms,ExalphacontinuestobringleADIngedgeproductstomarket.OurfamilyofCDantibodiescombinesqualityandperformancewithreasonablepricestomakeourCDantibodiesthebestvalueinthemarkettoday.OurfamilyofProliferationproductsoffereasyall-in-onekitsorstandaloneantibodiestoquantitateproliferatingcells.Takealookatourwebsiteorcallusforadditionalinformation.Note:noinformationisavailableonCDw145,CD181,CD182,CD185-194,CD196-199,CD211,CD214-216,CD218-220,CD237

Background

CD:clusterdesignationofmonoclonalantibodies(clustersofdifferentiation)Designatedatthe1stto7thWorkshopsonInternationalHumanLeukocyteDifferentiationAntigensThelastconferencewasin2000.Thenextconferenceisin2004.HLDAWorkshopsaretheprimarymechanismtocharacterizeleukocytesurfaceantigenicmoleculesandepies;erythroidantigensarenowincludedFor1stto6thworkshops,antibodiesweresubmittedtotheorganizinglaboratory,codedandsenttoparticipatinglaboratoriesfortestingagainstvariouscelltypes.Forthe7thworkshop,aCDdesignationcouldbeestablishedforamoleculeifitsgenehasbeenclonedandatleastonespecificmonoclonalantibodyhadbeenstudiedintheWorkshopInterpretationshouldbebasedoncellulardistributionofstaining,proportionofpositivelystainedcells,stainingintensityandcutofflevels.　

CD1

Familyofnon-polymorphicMHCclassI-likeglycoproteinsAlsomemberofimmunoglobulinsuperfamilyOnchromosome1q22-23(notMHClinked)Has5differentsubsets,allnoncovalentlyassociatedwith12kdbeta2microglobulinFunction:restrictTcellresponsestocertainantigens;maymediatethymicTcelldevelopmentPositivestaining(normal):corticalthymocytes(70%),activatedTcells,Langerhanscells,interdigitatingdendriticcellsPositivestaining(disease):preTALLwithcorticalthymocytephenotype;LangerhanscellhistiocytosisNegativestaining:matureperipheralTcells

CD1a

Positivestaining(normal):Dendriticcellsindermis/epidermisofbenigninflammatoryskindisordersPositivestaining(disease):Langerhanscellhistiocytosis(fairlyspecific),myeloidleukemias,someBcellmalignancies;dendriticcellsinmostperipheralcutaneousTcelllymphomas,AJCP2001;116:72Negativestaining:normalBcells,mostcutaneousperipheralBcelllymphomas(?reflectsreplacementofreactivepatterncontainingdendriticcellswithaneoplasticpatternofBcells)Microimages:LangerhanscellhistiocytosisMicroimages(AJSPsubscribers):pulmonaryLangerhanscellhistiocytosisMicroimages(HumPathsubscribers):LangerhanscellhistiocytosisReferences:AJSP2001;25:630　

CD1b

Positivestaining(disease):myeloidleukemiasandsomeBcellmalignanciesNegativestaining:normalBcells　

CD1c

Positivestaining(normal):subsetofnormalperipheralBcellsPositivestaining(disease):myeloidleukemiasandsomeBcellmalignanciesNegativestaining:normalBcells　

CD1dPositivestaining(normal):thymus(lowlevels),bowel　

CD1e　

CD2

AkaErosettereceptor,LFA-2(leukocytefunctionantigen)Function:bindsCD58/LFA-3onantigen-presentingcells,andinducescostimulatorysignalsinTcellsAlsoregulatesTandNK-mediatedcytolysis,inhibitsapoptosisofactivatedperipheralTcells,mediatesTcellcytokineproduction,regulatesTcellanergyPositivestaining(normal):thymocytes(95%),matureperipheralTcells(almostall),NKcells(80-90%),thymicBcells(50%)Microimages:extranodalNK/Tcelllymphoma,nasaltype　

CD2RCD2epiesrestrictedtoactivatedTcellsPositivestaining:activatedTcells,?NKcells　

CD3

AkaOKT3Function:complex(5chains)ofintegralmembraneglycoproteinsassembledasacomplex;haslongcylasmictailwithantigenrecognitionactivationmotif;complexisthendownregulatedAlsosuBDividedintodelta,epsilon,gammasubtypesCylasmicexpressionatearlyTcelldifferentiation,thenmembranousexpressionMostspecificTcellantibodyPositivestaining(normal):thymocytes,peripheralTcells,NKcells;alsoPurkinjecellsofcerebellumPositivestaining(disease):80%ofTcelllymphomasNegativestaining:gammadeltaTcellreceptors,mostBcelllymphomasMicroimages:CD3epsilon-testicularNK/Tcelllymphoma(figure3D)Microimages(AJSPsubscribers):achalasia,post-transplantlymphoproliferativediseaseinliverReferences:AJSP2001;25:1413　

CD4

AkaOKT4,Thelper/inducerOnchromosome#12pNonpolymorphousglycoproteinsbelongingtoimmunoglobulinsuperfamilyServesasHIVreceptoronTcells(asdochemokinereceptorsCCR5andCXCR4),macrophages,brainCD4+TcellsarekilledbyHIVCoreceptorinMHCclassII-restrictedantigeninducedTcellactivationBindstononpolymorphicregionofclassImolecules;mayincreaseAvidityofcell-cellinteractionsPositivestaining(normal):thymocytes(80-90%),matureTcells(65%,ThelperandCD4/CD8+thymocytes),macrophages,Langerhanscells,dendriticcells,granulocytesPositivestaining(disease):pityriasislichenoidesMicroimages:acutedemyelinatingdisease,extranodalNK/Tcelllymphoma,nasaltype　

CD5

BelongstoancientscavengerreceptorfamilyIsphysicallyandfunctionallycoupledwithTcellreceptor-zeta-CD3signaltransducercomplexCD5+Bcellsproduce“generalistantibodies”-polyreactivelowaffinity"natural"antibodiestoexogenousantigens(tetanustoxoid,lipopolysaccharide)aswellasautoreactiveantibodies(ssDNA,thyroglobulin,insulin)Note:sharksonlyhavepolyreactiveIgMNote:monoreactiveIgGisproducedby<0.1%ofcirculatingBcells,frompositiveselectionandsomaticpointmutationFirstlineofdefenseagainstantigens;havealowactivationthreshold;aretheonlylineofdefenseforthosewhocannotproducespecificantibodyProduceantibodiesusinggermline(nonmutated)configurationofgenesegments,usuallyIgMProductionelevatedinrheumatoidarthritis(27-52%ofcirculatingBcellsvs.20%normal)CD5mayserveasadualreceptor,givingeitherstimulatoryorinhibitorysignalsdependingbothonthecelltypeandthedevelopmentstage

Positivestaining(normal):Bcellsofmantlezoneofspleenandlymphnodes;Bcellsinperitonealandpleuralcavities;almostallTcells;

Infetus,mostBcellsinspleenandcordbloodareCD5positive

Positivestaining(disease):BcellCLL/SLL,mantlecelllymphoma,mostTmalignancies,thymiccarcinomas(70%)

Negativestaining:spindlecellthymomas,MALTlymphoma,follicularlymphomaMicroimages:extranodalNK/Tcelllymphoma,nasaltype,mantlecelllymphoma(figure3D)　

CD6

AdhesionmoleculemediatingthebindingofdevelopingthymocyteswiththymicepithelialcellsMaybeinvolvedinautoimmunityandgraftvs.hostdisease(GVHD)AntibodiestoCD6areusedtodepleteTcellsfrombonemarrowtransplantstopreventGVHDPositivestaining(normal):lowlevelsonimmaturethymocytes,highlevelsonmaturethymocytes　

CD7

MembraneglycoproteinandFcreceptorforIgMHomologoustoTCRgamma,IgkappaMembraneexpressionearlyduringTontogeny,beforeTCRrearrangement,persistsuntilterminalstagesofTcelldevelopmentLowerexpressioninmemoryTcellsvs.naiveTcells

Negativeexpression:BcellALL,Sezarysyndrome,adultTcellleukemia/lymphomaMicroimages:extranodalNK/Tcelllymphoma,nasaltype　

CD8

AkaOKT8,Tcellsuppressor/cytotoxiccellsOnchromosome#2MHCclassIrestrictedreceptor;bindstononpolymorphicregionofclassImolecules;mayincreaseavidityofcell-cellinteractionsAssociatedwithlymphoepithelioma-likecarcinomaoflung(AJSP2002;26:715)

Positivestaining(normal):Tcells(25-35%ofmatureperipheralTcells,mostcytotoxicTcells,CD4/CD8+thymocytes);NKcells(30%-whicharealsoCD3negative);corticalthymocytes(70-80%),epidermotrophiclymphocytesinmycosisfungoides(AJSP2002;26:450)

Microimages:lymphoepithelioma-likecarcinomaofcervix-figure3,acutedemyelinatingdisease

Microimages(ModPathsubscribers):nodalcytotoxicTcelllymphoma

Reference:ModPath2002;15:1131　

CD9

MaymediateplateletactivationandaggregationAntibodiesareusedtopurgebonemarrowpriortoperipheralstemcellbonemarrowtransplantViralco-receptorPositivestaining(normal):preBcells,Bcellsubset,Tcells,macrophages,platelets,eosinophils,basophils,megakaryocytes,endothelialcells,brain,peripheralnerve,vascularsmoothmuscle,cardiacmuscle,epithelia　

CD10

AkaCommonAcuteLymphoblasticLeukemiaAntigen(CALLA),neutralendopeptidase24.11,neprilysin,enkephalinaseCellmembranemetallopeptidase,characteristicMarkeroffollicularcentercellsandfollicularlymphoma,butalsowidelydistributedinnormaltissueandneoplasms;alsolocalizedtobrushborderinsmallbowelmucosaInactivatesbioactivepeptidesUses:Acutelymphoblasticleukemia:oneoffirstmarkerstoidentifyleukemiccellsinchildren(henceitsname)Breast:markerofmyoepithelialcells,ModPath2002;15:397Burkittlymphoma:confirmdiagnosisColoniccarcinogenesis:increaseinstromalcellsfrommildtoseveredysplasiatoinvasivecarcinoma,HumPath2002;33:806-811Endometriosis:helpfulinidentifyingareasofendometriosisifsparseglandulartissueFollicularlymphoma:toconfirmdiagnosisHepatocellularcarcinomavs.nonhepatocellularcarcinomas:68%sensitiveand>95%specificwithcanalicularpattern,AJSP2001;25:1297,AJSP2002;26:978,althoughanotherstudyrecommendsHepatocyte,MOC31,andpCEAbutnotCD10,ModPath2002;15:1279Microvillousinclusiondisease:strongCD10+cylasmicstainingvs.linearbrushborderstaininginnormals,AJSP2002;26:902Positivestaining(normal):adrenalcortex,pre-Bcells,brain,choroidplexus,corticalthymocytes,endometrialstroma,follicularcentercells,granulocytes,kidneymicrovilli,liver,lymphohemaoieticprecursors,maleGUepithelium,mesonephricremnants,myoepithelialcells(breast),neutrophils,ovary,placenta(cytotrophoblast,intermediatetrophoblast,syncytiotrophoblast),smallintestine(linearbrushborderstaining)Positivestaining(disease):adenomyosisofendometrium,preBALL(75%),CMLinblastcrisis(90%),coloniccarcinoma,dermatofibroma,dermatofibrosarcoma,endometrialadenocarcinoma(maybepresentindesmoplasticstroma),endometrialstromaltumors,follicularcentercelllymphomas,gastriccarcinoma,glioma,hepatocellularcarcinoma(canalicularpatternsimilartopolyclonalCEA),malignantmixedmulleriantumors,mediastinalgermcelltumors,melanomas,mesonephrictumors,microvillousinclusiondisease(strongcylasmicstaining),mullerianadenosarcoma,pancreaticadenocarcinoma,pancreaticsolid-pseudopapillarytumor,placentalsitetrophoblastictumor,primarymediastinalBcelllymphomas(some),prostatecarcinoma,renalcellcarcinoma,renalcellsarcoma,rhabdomyosarcomaandothersarcomas,schwannoma,tumorofwolffianoriginofbroadligamentandovary,urothelialcarcinoma,uterinecarcinoma,uterinecellularleiomyomas(50%),uterineleiomyosarcomasandotheruterinesarcomasNegativestaining:myeloidanderythroidprecursors,otherfemalegenitaltracttumors(includingclearcellcarcinomas)Microimages:follicularcentercells(figure1),intranodalheteroicmammaryducts(figure1C),Microimages(AJSPsubscribers):endometrialstromaltumor#1(negative),#2,hepatocellularcarcinoma#1,#2,mesonephriccarcinomaofuterus,mesonephricderivativesinmen,microvillousinclusiondisease#1,#2(controls),vulvar,vaginalandcervicallesions,uterusandtrophoblast,fallopiantubeandovaryMicroimages(HumPathsubscribers):canalicularpatterninhepatocellularcarcinoma(figureC),gastriccarcinomaatapicalborder(figureB),colonicadenoma,coloniccarcinoma#1,#2Microimages(ModPathsubscribers):canalicularpatterninhepatocellularcarcinoma(figureB),malignantmixedmulleriantumor#1,#2,#3,breastmyoepithelium,breastadenosis,breastDCIS,invasiveductalcarcinomaofbreast,diffuselargeBcelllymphoma,adenomyosisReferences:AJSP2002;26:978,AJSP2001;25:1540,AJSP2002;26:902,AJSP2003;27:178,ModPath2002;15:1279,ModPath2002;15:923,ModPath2002;15:397,ModPath2002;15:413,ModPath2002;16:22　

CD11

CD11a,bandcallhavesamebetachain(CD18)Membersofintegrinreceptorfamily;heterodimersofnoncovalentlyassociatedalphaandbetasubunits　

CD11a

AkaalphaL;LFA-1(incomplexwithCD18)AnalphaintegrinchainthatbindstoCD18andmediatesleukocyteadhesionandlymphocyterecirculationthroughlymphnodesWithCD18,bindstoICAM-1(CD54,leukocyteadhesionmolecule)andICAM-2(CD102)Facilitateslymphocyteblastogenesis,cellularcytotoxicity,lymphocyte-endothelialcelladhesion,andbindingtounopsonizedbacteria(E.coli)andfungi(Hislasmacapsulatum)Note:patientswithleukocyteadhesiondeficiency(mutationsinCD18)haveoftenfatalimmunodeficiencyearlyinlifeMarkerofdifferentiationinacutepromyelocyticleukemiaPositivestaining(normal):allleukocytesNegativestaining:platelets　

CD11b

AkaCR3,iC3breceptorMediatesphagocytosisofparticlesopsonizedwithiC3bFacilitatesneutrophilaggregation,adhesiontosubstratesbyopsonization,chemotaxisLigandsincludefibrinogen,FactorX,ICAM-1,Saccharomycescerevisiae,Staphylococcusepidermidis,Hislasmacapsulatum,Note:C3iscommontoclassicalandalternatecomplementpathway,andservesasanamplificationstepC3b(activatedC3)canamplifybycleavingmoreC3viathealternatecomplementpathwayPositivestaining(normal):folliculardendriticcells,granulocytes,macrophages,myeloidcellsbeginningwithpromyelocytes,NKcells,someB/TcellsPositivestaining(disease):AML-M1-M3(35-70%),M4-M5(80-90%);hairycellleukemia(virtuallyall)　

CD11c

AkaCR4,iC3breceptorClearsopsonizedparticlesandimmunecomplexes;alsobindstofibrinogenandisinvolvedinadhesionofmonocytesandneutrophilstoendotheliumMemberofbeta2familyofintegrinreceptorsPrognosticvalue:associatedwithgoodprognosisinB-CLLPositivestaining(normal):50%ofactivatedCD4/CD8+Tcells;granulocytes,lymphocytes,macrophages,NKcellsPositivestaining(disease):AML-M4-M5(50%);hairycellleukemia(virtuallyall),B-CLL　

CD12

Positivestaining(normal):granulocytes,monocytes,NKcells,plateletsNegativestaining:basophils,bonemarrowprecursors,AML　

CD13

AkaAminoPeptidaseN,APNMyeloidantigen,althoughCD33ismorespecificPeptidecleavingenzymeofbrushbordermembranesofsmallintestine,renalproximaltubulesandplacentaAlsopresentonCNSsynapticmembranesReceptorforonestrainofhumancoronavirusthatcausesmanyupperrespiratorytractinfectionsDefectsappeartocausevariousleukemias/lymphomasServesanimportantfunctionforearlyCMVinfectionCD13autoantibodiesarestronglyassociatedwithchronicgraftversushostdiseaseafterbonemarrowtransplantationPositivestaining(normal):bileductcanaliculi,centralnervoussystemsynapses,endothelialcells,fibroblasts,granulocytes(most),largegranularlymphocytes(some),macrophages,osteoclasts,perineuriumofperipheralnerves,placenta,renalproximaltubules,smallintestinePositivestaining(disease):AMLM1-M5(75-95%),M6(usually),CML(90%);preBALL(7-10%),preTALL(rare)　

CD14

Akalipopolysaccharide(LPS)receptor,endotoxinreceptorBindingofLPStoCD14onmacrophagescausestheiractivationandreleaseofcytokinesInvolvedintheclearanceofapoptoticcellsAlsoregulatesIgElevelsPositivestaining(normal):macrophages/monocytes(90%),granulocytes-weak(30%),Langerhanscells;dendriticcells,BcellsPositivestaining(disease):B-CLL(90%),follicularcentercelllymphoma(80%),diffuselargeBcelllymphoma(40%);AML-M4/M5(50-90%)Negativestaining:myeloidProgenitors,AMLM3,M6,M7,M0-M2(usually)　

CD15

AkaLeuM1,Lacto-N-FucopentoseIIIceramideRecognizesHaptenX,acarbohydratelinkedtocellmembraneproteinsofmyelomonocyticcellsPositivestaining(normal):myeloidcells(90%);activatedBandTcells(includinginfectiousmononucleosis);eosinophilsstainintenselyPositivestaining(disease):Reed-Sternbergcells,20%ofTcelllymphomas,5%ofBcelllymphomas,50%ofcarcinomasNegativestaining:erythroidcells,platelets;ALLMicroimages:Reed-Sternbergcells-figure3A,primarypulmonaryHodgkin’slymphoma-figure3A　

CD15s

AkaSialylLewisX;ligandforCD62PandCD62EPositivestaining(normal):granulocytes,macrophages　

CD15u

AkasulfatedCD15　

CD16a

AkaFcreceptorIIIAImportantforAbdependentcytotoxicityofforeigncellsIftargetcellhasclassIMHC,thenNKcell"skillercellinhibitoryreceptor(KIR)inhibitscytolysis

Positivestaining(normal):NKcells(10-20%),granulocytes,monocytes(rare),alveolarmacrophages(common),Tcells(some)Negativestaining:Myelodysplasticsyndrome　

CD16b

AkaFcreceptorIIIBPositivestaining:neutrophils　

CD17

AkaLactosylceramideBindstobacteriaandmayfunctioninphagocytosisPositivestaining(normal):granulocytes,macrophages/monocytes,platelets,basophils,CD19+Bcells,tonsillardendriticcells　

CD18

Formsthebeta2chainofCD11a,b,c(leukocyteadhesionmolecule)Importantforadhesionandsignalinginthehemaoieticsystem(seeCD11a-cabove)LeukocyteAdhesionDeficiency(LAD-1)causedbyCD18defectcodingforcommonb2subunit;patientssufferfromrecurrentinfectionsPositivestaining:leukocytes　

CD19

ResponseregulatorthatplaysadominantroleinestablishingsignalingthresholdsforantigenreceptorsandothersurfacereceptorsonBcells;alsoregulatesBcelldevelopment,activationanddifferentiationCD19antibodyinhibitsBcellactivationfromanti-immunoglobulinCoreceptorwithCD21EarliestBcellantigeninfetaltissue

Positivestaining(normal):PreB,Bcells;firstBcellantigenafterHLA-DR,folliculardendriticcells

Negativestaining:plasmacells　

CD20

AkaL2633kdphosphoproteinwith3hydrophobicregionsthattraversethecellmembrane,creatingastructuresimilartoanionchannelDeliversearlysignalinBcellactivation,allowingrestingBcellstorespondtolaterantigensRituximabisachimericmurine-humananti-CD20antibodyusedfortreatmentofBcelllymphomasUses:commonlyusedmarkerforBcells

Positivestaining(normal):MostBcells(afterCD19andCD10expression,beforeCD21/22expressionandsurfaceimmunoglobulinexpression),retainedonmatureBcellsuntilplasmacelldevelopment;alsofolliculardendriticcells

Positivestaining(disease):90%ofBcelllymphomas,40%ofpreBALL/LBL;80%oflymphocytepredominantHodgkin’slymphoma,dimlyexpressedinTcells(benignandneoplastic),spindlecellthymomasNegativestaining:non-hemaoieticcells,mostTcells,plasmacellsMicroimages:largeBcelllymphoma,CNSdiffuselargeBcelllymphoma(figureA),lymphoplasmacyticlymphoma/Waldenströmmacroglobulinemiainbrain-figureDMicroimages(ModPathsubscribers):post-transplantlymphoproliferativedisorderReferences:ModPath2002;15:647　

CD21

AkaCR2,C3dreceptor,EBVreceptor

BindstoEpsteinBarrvirusandbreakdownproductsofcomplementcomponentC3

FormsasignalingcomplexwithCD19,CD81andCD225

BothCD21andCD23aredendriticcellmarkers

Hodgkin’slymphomademonstratesdisruptionoffolliculardendriticcell-germinalcellclusters(evaluatedbyCD21andCD23)

Microimages(AJSPsubscribers):inflammatorypseudotumor-likefolliculardendriticcelltumorA,B,Hodgkin’slymphomaA,BMicroimages(ModPathsubscribers):extranodalfolliculardendriticcellsarcomaReferences:AJSP2001;25:721,AJSP2001;25:388,ModPath2002;15:50　

CD22

AkaBlymphocytecelladhesionmolecule(BL-CAM)

MaylocalizeBcellsinlymphoidtissues;bindsCD45

Negativestaining:plasmacells　

CD23

AkalowaffinityIgEreceptorRegulatesIgEsynthesisbynegativefeedbackTriggersmonokinerelease(TNF,IL-1,IL-6,GM-CSF)bymonocytesAfterphysiologicgerminalcelldevelopment,thefolliculardendriticcellmeshworkexpandsandfolliculardendriticcellsinthelightzoneofthegerminalcenterbecomeCD23positiveCD23alsoactsasBcellgrowthfactor,promotingdifferentiationintoplasmacells

BothCD21andCD23aredendriticcellmarkers

Positivestaining(normal):ActivatedmatureBcellsexpressingIgMorIgD,monocytes/macrophages,Tcellsubsets,platelets,eosinophils,Langerhanscells,folliculardendriticcells

Positivestaining(disease):B-cellCLL/SLLNegativestaining:otherBcells;mantlecelllymphoma　

CD24

PromotesantigendependentproliferationofBcells;preventsdifferentiationintoplasmacells

ExpressedathighlevelsinsmallcelllungcarcinomaPositivestaining(normal):allBcells,granulocytes,kidneycells,epithelialcellsPositivestaining(disease):carcinomas,mostpre-BALL/LBL,virtuallyallBcelllymphomasNegativestaining:plasmacells,multiplemyeloma,Tcells,monocytes,redbloodcells,platelets　

CD25

AkaIL-2receptoralphachain,existsinatleast3formsLimitedexpressionmaysafeguardagainstcatastrophicT-cellproliferationbyimmunogenicstimulus.Positivestaining:ActivatedB,T,macrophagesPositivestaining(disease):hairycellleukemia　

CD26

AkadipeptidylpeptidaseIV,adenosinedeaminasecomplexingprotein2CostimulatorymoleculeinTcellactivationCofactorwithCD4forHIVentryintocellsPositivestaining(normal):ActivatedT,Bcells,NKcells,macrophages,renalproximaltubularepithelialcells,smallintestinalepithelium,biliarycanaliculae,splenicsinusliningcellsNegative/dimstaining:Tcellsinperipheralbloodofmycosisfungoidespatients,AJCP2001;115:885　

CD27

MarkerofTcellactivationCD27/CD70interactionsalsoregulateBcellproliferationandTcelldifferentiationPositivestaining:Tcells,memoryBcells　

CD28

Celladhesionmolecule;co-receptorforBcell-TcellcooperationPromotesTcellactivationReceptorforCD80(B7)&CD86(BB1),foundonactivatedBcellsConstitutive,highabundance,lowaffinityreceptor;oppositesignalsaremediatedbyCTLA4(CD152)ResultofTcellantigenstimulationdependsonsumofeffectsofTcellreceptor,CD28anditsligand,CTLA4anditsligandCD8+,CD28+TcellsmediateantigenspecificcytotoxicTcells(classIrestricted)(90%ofCD8+Tcells)CD8+,CD28-TcellsmediatesuppressorTcells(10%ofCD8+Tcells)Positivestaining(normal):CD4+Tcells(95%),CD8+Tcells(50%);activatedBcells,plasmacellsReference:186760　

CD29

AkaplateletGPIIa,beta-1integrin,fibronectinreceptorPositivestaining(normal):fibroblasts,platelets,Tcells　

CD30

AkaKi-1,Ber-H2Lymphocyteactivationantigen,relatedtotumornecrosisfactorDoesn’tworkwellwithB5fixedtissueMaybeinvolvedinnegativeTcellselectioninthymusInterpretation:membranousstainingPositivestaining(normal):granulocytes,plasmacells,activatedB,TandNKcellsPositivestaining(disease):infectiousmononucleosis,lymphocytesinfectedwithHIV,HTLV-1,EBV,HHV8orhepatitisB;Reed-Sternbergcells,90%ofanaplasticlargecelllymphomas,lymphomatoidpapulosis,peripheralT-celllymphomas,embryonalcarcinomaoftestis,primaryeffusionlymphomaMicroimages:Hodgkin’slymphoma#1,#2,#3-figure3B(primarypulmonary),#4-figure3B,anaplasticlymphoma,embryonalcarcinoma-figure6,intratubularembryonalcarcinoma-figure4Microimages(HumPathsubscribers):anaplasticlargecelllymphoma(figureE),AIDSrelatedprimaryeffusionlymphoma(figureD)　

CD31

Akaplateletendothelialcelladhesionmolecule,PECAM-1Encodedon#17MostsensitiveandspecificendothelialmarkerinparaffinsectionsImportantroleindiapedesisstepofleukocyteemigrationininflammation;alsoangiogenesisNote:don’tconfuseCD31+macrophages(granular,membranousexpression)withavasculartumor,AJSP2001;25:1167Sensitiveformalignantvasculartumors;maybelesssensitiveforbenignlesionsInterpretation:membranousstain(notcylasmic);endotheliumisapositiveinternalcontrolPositivestaining(normal):endothelium,platelets,macrophagesandKupffercells,granulocytes,T/NKcells,lymphocytes,megakaryocytes,fibroblasts,osteoclasts,neutrophilsPositivestaining(tumors):epithelioidhemangioendothelioma;epithelioidsarcoma-likehemangioendothelioma(AJSP2003;27:48);othervasculartumors,histiocyticmalignancies,plasmacytomas;rarecarcinomasandsarcomasMicroimages:epithelioidangiosarcoma(figure1A)Microimages(AJSPsubscribers):epithelioidsarcoma-likehemangioendothelioma,epithelioidhemangioendothelioma,epithelioidangiosarcoma,CD31+macrophages,malignanthistiocytosisMicroimages(HumPathsubscribers):hepaticcavernoushemangiomas(figure2B)Microimages(ModPathsubscribers):angiosarcoma(figureE)References:AJSP2001;25:684,ModPath2002:15;434　

CD32

AkaFcgammaRIILowaffinityreceptorthatbindstotheFcregionofIgGimmunecomplexesIfBcellsarestimulatedsothatsurfaceimmunoglobulinreceptorsarecoclusteredwithCD32receptors,BcellsdoNOTproliferativeandmayundergoapoptosisinsteadofproliferationPositivestaining:macrophages,granulocytes,Bcells,eosinophils,basophils,platelets　

CD33

Myeloidcellantigen(alsoCD13);asialoadhesinthatmaymediatecell-to-celladhesion,actsasareceptorthatinhibitstheproliferationofnormalandleukemicmyeloidcellsPositivestaining(normal):Precursormyeloidcells;mostmonocyticcells,epidermalLangerhanscells(variable)Positivestaining(disease):AMLM1-M5(75-85%),M7(variable),CML(90%);blasts(all),someALLNegativestaining:granulocytes,maturebonemarrowcells,non-myeloidcells　

CD34

Cell-celladhesionmoleculeandcellsurfaceglycoproteinMaymediateattachmentofstemcellstobonemarrowextracellularmatrixordirectlytostromalcellsAntibodiesareusedtoquantifyandpurifylymphohemaoieticstemcell/progenitorcellsforresearchandforclinicalbonemarrowtransplantation;however,countingCD34+mononuclearcellsmayoverestimatemyeloidblastsinbonemarrowsmearsduetohematogonesandCD34+megakaryocytes,Archives2002;126:823Interpretation:membranousstain;endotheliumactsasapositiveinternalcontrolUses:possIBLyconfirmchronicintestinalpseudo-obstruction,AJSP2003;27:228Positivestaining(normal):hemaoieticprogenitorcells,vascularendothelialcells(thesecellsareTdT+,HLA-DR+)Positivestaining(disease):alveolarsoftpartsarcoma,preB-ALL(75%),AML(40%),AML-M7(most),chordoidgliomas,dendriticfibromyxolipoma,dermatofibrosarcomaprotuberans,epithelioidsarcomas,gastrointestinalstromaltumors,giantcellfibroblastoma,granulocyticsarcoma,hamartomatoustumorsofchronicdrugresistantepilepsy,hemangiopericytomas(50%),inflammatoryfibrouspolypsofstomach(HumPath2002;33:307),Kaposi’ssarcoma(strong,diffuseinspindlecells),liposarcomas(myxoid,pleomorphic),MFH,malignantperipheralnervesheathtumors,meningealhemangiopericytomas,meningiomas(some),metanephricadenosarcomaofkidney(stromaonly),myelodysplasticsyndrome(myeloidblasts),myofibroblastomaofbreast,neurofibromas,nuchalfibromas(alsoCD99+),papillarythyroidcarcinoma,paratesticularleiomyosarcoma(30%),pleomorphichyalinizingangiectatictumor,pseudoangiomatousstromalhyperplasiaofbreast,schwannomas(usually),sclerosingliposarcoma(spindleandatypicalcells),solitaryfibroustumors,synovialsarcoma(focalin6%ofmonophasictumors),blastsintransientmyeloproliferativedisorderNegativestaining:Ewing’ssarcoma/PNET,myofibrosarcomaofbreast,inflammatorymyofibroblastictumorsofstomachMicroimages:granulocyticsarcoma,malignantsolitaryfibroustumor,GISTandsolitaryfibroustumor,GIST(figureB),CD34+blastsandmegakaryoctyes,cavernoushemangiomaofspermaticcord,solitaryfibroustumoroforbitMicroimages(AJSPsubscribers):hybridDFSP-giantcellfibroblastoma,solitaryfibroustumorofkidney,metanephricadenosarcomaofkidney(stromaonly),rectalGIST(figureB),paratesticularleiomyosarcoma,normalsmallbowel(figure1B),normalcolon(figure1B),chronicintestinalpseudo-obstruction(figure1B),Gardnerassociatedfibromas,microcysticadnexalcarcinomaA,BMicroimages(ModPathsubscribers):GIST(figuresC,D)Reference:Archives2002;126:1189,AJSP2003;27:27,AJSP2002;26:932,AJSP2001;25:1451,AJSP2001;25:1194;AJSP2001;25:645,AJSP2001;25:464,ModPath2002;15:125　

CD35

AkaCR1,C3bandC4breceptorMediatesadherenceofimmunecomplexescoatedwithC4b/C3bandtheirtransporttothefixedphagocytesystemsofthespleenandliverCofactorforspecificproteolyticcleavageofC3bandC4bbyplasmaserineproteasefactorI,whichlimitscomplementactivationandproducesligandsforothercomplementreceptorsTheKnops,McCoy,Swain-Langley,andYorkbloodgroupantigensarelocatedonCD35Positivestaining:granulocytes,macrophages,Bcells,Tcells(10%),NKcellsubset,erythrocytes,folliculardendriticcells,eosinophils,glomerularpodocytes,someastrocytesMicroimages(AJSPsubscribers):inflammatorypseudotumor-likefolliculardendriticcelltumorA,BMicroimages(ModPathsubscribers):extranodalfolliculardendriticcellsarcoma(figure7B)Reference:AJSP2001;25:721,ModPath2002;15:50　

CD36

AkaplateletGPIVorGPIIIb;thrombospondinreceptorScavengerreceptorfor50%ofoxidizedLDLandshedphotoreceptoroutersegmentsCelladhesionmoleculeinplateletadhesionandaggregation,platelet-monocyteandplatelet-tumorcellinteractionSiteofcytoadherenceofPlasmodiumfalciparuminfectederythrocytestomicrovascularendothelialcellsCD36deficiencyfrequentinsub-SaharanAfrica,Asia;associatedsurprisinglywithsusceptibilitytoseverecerebralmalariaDevelopmentofanti-CD36antibodiescancauseseriouscomplicationsinmultiplytransfusedpatients(sicklecelldisease)Positivestaining(normal):platelets,macrophages,endothelialcells,earlyerythroidcells,megakaryocytesPositivestaining(disease):AMLM4-M7Negativestaining:AMLM0-M2(usually),M3　

CD37

Possiblyinvolvedinsignaltransduction,belongstotetraspaninfamily

Positivestaining(normal):Bcells,Bcelllymphomas,lowlevelsonTcells,neutrophils,granulocytes,monocytesPositivestaining(disease):hairycellleukemia　

CD38

Novelenzymecapableofcatalyzingmultiplereactions;twoenzymeproductsarecalciummessengersPositiveandnegativeregulatorofcellactivationandproliferation,dependingonthecellularenvironmentInvolvedinadhesionbetweenhumanlymphocytesandendothelialcellsImportantforleukemiaphenotypingandclassification,targetingofimmunotoxinantibodyinmyelomatreatmentIncreaseswithHIVSEROconversion;coexpressionwithCD8associatedwithprogression(indicatespersistentviralstimulation)Positivestaining(normal):plasmacells(strong),lymphoidprogenitorcells,NKcells,BandTcells,monocytes,erythroidandmyeloidprecursors,thymocytes,blasts,brain,muscle,kidney,liver,ovary,pancreas,placenta,testisPositivestaining(disease):lymphoma,neuroblastoma

CD39

AkavascularATPdiphosphohydrolasePlasmamembrane-boundenzymethathydrolyzesextracellularATPandADPtoAMPImportantinhibitorofplateletactivationPositivestaining(normal):B,TandNKcells,endothelialcells,placenta　

CD40

Playsacentralroleinregulatingcell-mediatedimmunityandantibodymediatedimmunityMaymediateinflammatorycomponentofatherogenesisPositivestaining(normal):Bcells,macrophages,dendriticcells,endothelialcells,fibroblasts,keratinocytesPositivestaining(disease):carcinomas,mostBcelllymphomas,B-ALL(some)Negativestaining:plasmacells　

CD41

AkaplateletGPIIbReceptorforfibrinogenin,vonWillebrandfactorandfibronectinMutationscausethrombastheniaPositivestaining(normal):platelets,megakaryocytesPositivestaining(disease):AMLM7,blastsintransientmyeloproliferativedisorder　

CD42a

AkaplateletGPIXCD42a-dcomplexisreceptorforvonWillebrandfactorandthrombinActualbindingsiteofvWfandthrombinisonCD42bThiscomplexmediatesadhesionofplateletstosubendothelialmatricesexposedupondamagetoendotheliumandamplifiesplateletresponsetothrombinAbsenceofCD42complex(mutationsinCD42a-c)causesBernard-Souliersyndrome(BSS),ableedingdisorderwiththrombocyeniaandgiantplateletsPositivestaining(normal):plateletsandmegakaryocytes　

CD42b

AkaplateletGPIbalphaCD42a-dcomplexisreceptorforvonWillebrandfactorandthrombinActualbindingsiteofvWfandthrombinisonCD42bPositivestaining(normal):plateletsandmegakaryocytesPositivestaining(disease):blastsintransientmyeloproliferativedisorder　

CD42c

AkaplateletGPIbbetaPositivestaining(normal):plateletsandmegakaryocytes　

CD42d

AkaplateletGPVCD42dmousemonoclonalantibodiesareusedtodetectauto-andallo-anti-plateletantibodiesCo-expressionstudiessuggestthatCD42dmaybeessentialtoformthehighaffinitythrombinreceptorPositivestaining(normal):plateletsandmegakaryocytes　

CD43

Akaleukosialin,sialophorinAppearstobeananti-adhesivemoleculemediatingrepulsionbetweenleukocytesandothercells,althoughitmayactasanadhesionmoleculeunderothercircumstancesExpressiondefectiveinWiskott-Aldrichsyndrome,althoughsecondarytoXlinkedgeneticdefect;causesdefectsincytotoxicandhelperTcellfunctionsPositivestaining(normal):MostTcells,activatedBcells,NKcells,granulocytes,monocytes,megakaryocytes,brainPositivestaining(disease):80%ofTcelllymphomas;coexpressedwithCD20inSLLbutnotbenignlesions;granulocyticsarcomas,AML,mostALL"s,plasmacytomas;mastcelldisease(alsopositivefortryptase,CD68,CD117)Microimages:granulocyticsarcoma,mantlecelllymphomaMicroimages(AJSPsubscribers):chronicactivemyocarditis(figureB)　

CD44

FamilyofcellsurfaceglycoproteinswithisoformsgeneratedbyalternatesplicingofmRNAImportantinepithelialcelladhesiontohyaluronateinbasementmembranesandmaintainingpolarorientationofcells;alsobindslaminin,collagenandfibronectinMayhelplymphomasdisseminatebybindingtohighendothelialvenulesInvolvedinleukocyteattachmentandrollingonendothelialcells,homingtoperipherallymphoidorgansandsitesofinflammationandleukocyteaggregationUses:reactiveurotheliumhasdiffusefullthicknessstainingvs.carcinomainsitu,AJSP2001;25:1074Prognosticsignificance:Coloncarcinoma:overexpressionofCD44vpredictsanaggressivecourseEndometrialcarcinoma:lossofCD44relatedtoinvasionLungcarcinoma:lossofCD44relatedtoinvasionLymphomas-diffuselargecellandB-CLL:expressionassociatedwithpoorprognosisNeuroblastoma:lossofCD44relatedtoinvasionProstatecancer:lossassociatedwithpooroutcomeUrothelialneoplasms,papillary:lossofCD44immunoreactivity(restrictedtobasalcelllayerinnormalurothelium)associatedwithincreasingtumorgradeandstageinpTaandpT1patients,ModPath2000;13:1315Positivestaining(normal):whitebloodcells,redbloodcells,breast,colon,stomach,uterus,mosttissue;urothelialbasalcells;reactiveurotheliumhasdiffusefullthicknessstaining(AJSP2001;25:1074)Positivestaining(tumors):80%ofcolorectalcarcinomas;tumorsormucosawithwell-developedsquamousdifferentiationArchives2000;124(2):212Negativestaining:platelets,hepatocytes,cardiacmuscle,kidneytubularepithelium,testis,normalglandulartypeepithelium,welldifferentiatedadenocarcinomas,urothelialcarcinomaMicroimages:CD44sincolonicadenocarcinoma(figureB)Microimages(AJSPsubscribers):normalurothelium(figure1D),reactiveurothelium(figure2D),reactiveurothelium(figure4D)　

CD44h

AkaCD44sPrincipalreceptorforhyaluronicacidTheoreticalutilityindifferentiatingmesotheliomasinceitproducesabundanthyaluronicacid,butnotactuallyusefulbecauseCD44Hisreactivein1/3to1/2ofadenocarcinomas,HumPath2002;33:953　

CD44r

Maybeinvolvedinleukocyteattachmentandrollingonendothelialcells,homingtoperipherallymphoidorgansandtositesofinflammationHeterogeneousgroupofCD44variantisoformsexpressedconstitutivelyinepithelialcellsandmonocytelineagecells;upregulatedinactivatedleukocytes　

CD45

Akaleukocytecommonantigen(LCA);atyrosinephosphataseCriticalrequirementforTandBcellantigenreceptor-mediatedactivationTargetofimmunosuppressiveantibodytreatmentMajorcomponentofglycocalyxNegativeinpatientswithseverecombinedimmunodeficiency,characterizedbyadefectinfunctionorBandTcelldevelopment,lymphopenia,anddeficiencyinhumoralandcell-mediatedimmunity.Differentsubsetsofhemaoieticcellsexpressdifferentisoforms,whichcanchangeinresponsetocytokines:

CD45RA-naive/restingTcells,medullarythymocytes

CD45RO-memory/activatedTcells,corticalthymocytesPositivestaining(normal):allhemaoieticcells,strongerinlymphocytes(10%ofsurfacearea)Negativestaining:redbloodcells,non-hemaoieticcells,lymphoplasmacyticlymphoma,lymphoblasticlymphoma,anaplasticlymphoma,multiplemyeloma,Reed-SternbergcellsMicroimages:Reed-Sternbergcells-CD45negative,figure3C　

CD45RO

AkaUCHL-1Positivestaining(normal):memoryandactivatedTcells,someBcells,granulocytes(weak),macrophages(weak),corticalthymocytesPositivestaining(disease):75%ofTcellnon-Hodgkin’slymphomas,variableTcellALL/LBL,25%ofAMLNegativestaining:MostBcellnon-Hodgkin’slymphomas,carcinomasMicroimages:nasalNK/Tcelllymphoma(figureC)　

CD46

Akamembranecofactorprotein(MCP)CofactorforFactorIproteolyticcleavageofC3bandC4b;preventsinappropriatecomplementactivation,especiallyviaalternativepathway,bylimitingformationandfunctionofC3convertasesReceptorformeaslesvirusandHHV-6HasmultipleisoformsAcrosomalCD46isexposedonspermheadatcapacitation;mayhelpfusespermatozoaandoocytePositivestaining(normal):allcellsexcepterythrocytes　

CD47

Akaintegrinassociatedprotein(IAP);oneofmanythrombospondinreceptorsSimilartoRh-antigenMayinteractwithintegrinsandmediateintracellularcalciumincreaseduringcelladhesionMayhelpmacrophagesdistinguishselffromforeignsubstancesMayhaveroleingiantcellcreationfrommacrophagefusionPositivestaining(normal):hemaoieticcells,epithelialcells,endothelialcells,fibroblasts,mesenchymalcellsPositivestaining(disease):tumorcelllines　

CD47R

AkaRhrelatedantigenSimilartoRh-antigen;mayinteractwithintegrinsPreviouslyCDw149　

CD48

Mediatesadhesionviaitsreceptor,CD2CD48-positivelymphocytesdecreasedinparoxysmalnocturnalhemoglobinuriaPositivestaining(normal):mostleukocytes,activatedlymphocytesNegativestaining:neutrophils,platelets　

CD49a

Akaverylateantigen(VLA)alpha1chain,integrinalpha1chainIntegrinsareintegralcell-surfaceproteinscomposedofanalphachainandabetachain.Agivenchainmaycombinewithmultiplepartnersresultingindifferentintegrins.Verylateactivationproteins(VLA)areafamilyofintegrinsoriginallyidentifiedonactivatedhumanTcells,lateronfibroblasts,platelets,others.Sixforms,VLA1toVLA6,havebeenidentified,eachwithdistinctalphachain(numberedalpha-1toalpha-6)associatedwithacommonbetachain.CD49a-LamininandcollagenreceptorPositivestaining(normal):activatedBandTcells,monocytes　

CD49b

Akaverylateantigen(VLA)alpha2chain-onTcellsAkaGPIa/IIawhenexpressedonplateletsReceptorforlaminin,collagen,fibronectin,e-cadherinResponsibleforplateletadhesiontocollagen(bloodclotting),roleinangiogenesisPositivestaining(normal):platelets,activatedB&Tcells　

CD49c

Akaverylateantigen(VLA)alpha3chainReceptorforlaminin,collagen,fibronectin,thrombospondinPositivestaining(normal):nonhemaoieticcells　

CD49d

Akaverylateantigen(VLA)alpha4chainReceptorforfibronectin,thrombospondin,VCAM-1Roleincell-cellinteractionsandcelladhesiontotheextracellularmatrixPromotes(a)lymphocytemigrationintotissuebystrengtheninglymphocyteadhesiontoendothelialcells,(b)rollingofTcellsinvascularlumenonVCAM-1ofendothelium,(c)homingofTcellsubsetstoPeyer"spatches,(d)differentiationofhemaoieticprecursorcellsbyadhesiontobonemarrowstromalcellsRelevanttotumorprogressionandmetastasisPositivestaining(normal):macrophages,TandBcells,thymocytes,eosinophils,basophils,NKcells,dendriticcells,myeloidcells,erythrocyteprecursorsPositivestaining(disease):melanomacellsNegativestaining:erythrocytes,platelets,neutrophils　

CD49e

Akaverylateantigen(VLA)alpha5chain

Fibronectinandfibrinogenreceptor

Positivestaining(normal):platelets,monocytes,neutrophils　

CD49f

Akaverylateantigen(VLA)alpha6chainLamininreceptorImportantforformationofhemidesmosomesofstratifiedsquamousandtransitionalepitheliaPositivestaining(normal):epithelialcells　

CD50

AkaICAM-3;ligandforLFA-1(CD54)ProvidesadhesionsignalsimportantinB-TcellinteractionsImportantinMHCrestrictedinteractionbetweenTcellsandtargetcellsRegulatesleukocytemorphologyPositivestaining(normal):leukocytes,epidermalLangerhanscells,endothelialcellsNegativestaining:non-hemaoieticcells　

CD51

Akavitronectinreceptor-alphachain;betachainofvitronectinreceptorisCD61Positivestaining(normal):platelets,endothelialcells,megakaryocytes　

CD52

AkaCampath-1CD52antibodiesarelyticfortargetcells,bothwithhumancomplementandviaantibodydependentcellularcytotoxicityCD52antibodiesusedforlong-termdepletionoflymphocytesinvivo,intrialsforCLLandasimmunosuppressant;patientshavehigherriskforopportunitisticinfectionsPositivestaining(normal):thymocytes,lymphocytes,monocytes/macrophages,eosinophils,epithelialcellsliningthemalereproductivetractPositivestaining(disease):mostlymphoidmalignancies(variablelevels),Negativestaining:lymphocytesfrompatientswithPNH,neutrophils(weakerthaneosinophils)　

CD53

Mostspecificandreliablepan-leukocytemarkerMaytransduceCD2-generatedsignalsinTcellsandnaturalkillercellsPositivestaining(normal):leukocytesNegativestaining:platelets,redbloodcells,non-hemaoieticcells　

CD54

AkaICAM-1(intercellularadhesionmolecule1);ligandforLFA-1(CD50)Receptorforrhinovirus,malariainfectederythrocytesInvolvedinadhesionofneutrophilstoendotheliumatsiteofinflammation　　ReactswithCD11a/CD18orCD11b/CD18resultinginimmunereactionorinflammationPositivestaining(normal):broad,BandTcells,monocytes,endothelialcells,epithelialcells(various)Positivestaining(tumors):keratoacanthoma(moreinfullydevelopedlesionswithinflammatoryinfiltrate),cutaneoussquamouscellcarcinomaMicroimages(ModPathsubscribers):keratoacanthoma,poorlydifferentiatedsquamouscellcarcinomaReference:ModPath2003;16:8　

CD55

AkadecayacceleratingfactorBindsC3bBb(alternativepathwayconvertase)andC4b2a(classicalpathwayconvertase)toacceleratedecayoftheC3convertases;protectsagainstinappropriatecomplementactivationReceptorforCD97ReceptorforechovirusandCoxsackieBvirusDeficientinredbloodcellsfrompatientswithparoxysmalnocturnalhemoglobinuriaPositivestaining(normal):allhemaoieticcellsandallcelltypesinintimatecontactwithcomplementproteins;alsoepithelialcellsliningextracellularcompartments,bodyfluids,extracellularmatrix　

CD56

AkaN-CAM(neuralcelladhesionmolecule),at#11q23Regulateshomophilic(like-like)interactionsbetweenneuronsandbetweenneuronsandmuscle

AlsoassociateswithfibroblastgrowthfactorreceptorandstimulatestyrosinekinaseactivityofreceptortoinduceneuriteoutgrowthWhenneuralcrestcellssmakingN-CAMandN-cadherinandstartdisplayingintegrinreceptors,cellsseparateandmigrateContributestocell-cellorcell-matrixadhesionduringdevelopmentLymphocyteactivatedkillerphenomenonmediatedbyIL-2activatedCD56+,CD3-,NKcellsPrototypicmarkerofNKcells,alsopresentonsubsetofCD4+andCD8+Tcells

Negativestaining:PNET/Ewing’ssarcomaMicroimages:testicularNK/Tcelllymphoma(figure3C),extranodalNK/Tcelllymphoma,nasaltype　

CD57

AkaLeu7GlycoproteinwithcelladhesionfunctionsNKcellmarkerandneuroendocrinemarkerSubsetofNKcells(note:NKcellshavenoTCRmembraneexpressionorgenerearrangement)CD16+,CD57-:substantialNKactivityCD16-,CD57-:noNKactivityCD16-,CD57+:weakNKactivityCD16+,CD57+:variableNKactivityAssociatedwithpoorprognosisinnasallymphomasPositivestaining(normal):NKsubset,Tcellsubset(CD2,3,5),neuroectodermaltissue,brain,prostate,proximaltubulesofkidneyPositivestaining(tumors):neuroectodermaltumors,smallcelllungcancer(some),prostaticadenocarcinoma,nervesheathoriginlesions,metanephricadenoma,renalcarcinoidtumors,someclearcellrenalcellcarcinomas,spindlecellthymomas(AJSP2001;25:111,lymphomas(some)Microimages(AJSPsubscribers):metanephricadenoma(figure4C),Wilmstumor#1(figure5C),#2(figure6C),dendriticcellneurofibromawithpseudorosettesReference:AJSP2001;25:587,AJSP2001;25:1290　

CD58

AkaLFA-3(lymphocytefunctionassociatedantigen);ligandforCD2MediatesadhesionbetweenNKandtargetcells,antigenpresentingcellsandTcells,thymocytesandthymicepithelialcellsPositivestaining(normal):leukocytes,erythrocytes,endothelialcells,epithelialcells,fibroblasts　

CD59

AkaprotectinRegulatescomplementmediatedcelllysisbyinhibitingformationofmembraneattackcomplex(MAC)

GeneticdefectsthatcauseareductionorlossofbothCD59andCD55onerythrocytesproduceparoxysmalnocturnalhemoglobinuria(PNH)IncorporatedintoHIVenvelope,protectsvirusandHIVinfectedcellsagainstcomplementdepositionExpressiononerythrocytesimportantfortheirsurvivalPositivestaining(normal):mostcells　

CDw60

Antibodiesprovidecostimulatory/comitogenicsignalsforTcells

ExpressedonmostTcellsinautoimmunelesions

Positivestaining(normal):platelets,Tsubset,thymicepithelium,activatedkeratinocytes,synovialfibroblasts,glomeruli,smoothmusclecells,astrocytes　

CD60a

GD3-carbohydratestructure　

CD60b

9-O-acetyl-GD3-carbohydratestructure　

CD60c

7-O-acetyl-GD3-carbohydratestructure　

CD61

AkaplateletglycoproteinIIb/IIIaReceptorforfibrinogen,fibronectin,prothrombin,thrombospondin,vitronectin,plasminogenMediatesplateletaggregationbybindingsolublefibrinogen,formingplateletplugDefectscauseGlanzmannthrombasthenia,anautosomalrecessivedisorderandthemostcommoninheritedplateletdiseasePositivestaining(normal):platelets,megakaryocytes,myeloidprogenitorcells,endothelialcellsPositivestaining(disease):AMLM7,AMLM6(some),blastsintransientmyeloproliferativedisorderNegativestaining:AMLM0-M5,M6(most)Microimages:megakaryoctyes(figuresC,D)　

CD62E

AkaEselectin;endothelialleukocyteadhesionmolecule-1(ELAM-1)Ligandforsialyl-LewisXMediatesleukocyterollingonactivatedendotheliumatinflammatorysites,atherosclerosis,tumorcelladhesionduringhematogenousmetastasisPatientswithLeukocyteAdhesionDeficiency2syndrome,wholacksialylLewisXcomponentofselectincounter-receptors,sufferrecurrentpyogenicinfectionsPositivestaining(normal):endothelialcells(aftercytokinestimulation)　

CD62L

AkaLselectin;LECAM-1Mediateslymphocytehomingtohighendothelialvenulesofperipherallymphoidtissue,leukocyterollingonactivatedendotheliumatinflammatorysitesPositivestaining(normal):B,T,NKcells,monocytes,neutrophils,eosinophils,precursorsReference:153240　

CD62P

AkaPselectin;PADGEMInteractionwithCD162mediatestetheringandrollingofleukocytesonthesurfaceofactivatedendothelialcells,thefirststepinleukocyteextravasationandmigrationMediatesrollingofplateletsonendothelialcells,platelet-mediateddeliveryoflymphocytestohighendothelialvenulesConstitutiveexpressionininflammationmaycontributetotissuedestruction,atherogenesisandthrombosisMaybereducedingrayplateletsyndrome,139090Redistributestotheplasmamembraneduringplateletactivationanddegranulation.Positivestaining(normal):platelets,megakaryocytes,activatedendothelialcells　

CD63

Akalysosomal-membrane-associatedglycoprotein3,LAMP-3,melanomaassociatedantigen,NKI-C3Intracellularlysosomal/endosomal/granuleprotein,inWeibel-PaladebodiesofvascularendotheliumMarkerofplateletactivation(transportedtosurfaceafteractivation)AssociatedwithearlystagesofmelanomaprogressionPositivestaining(normal):activatedplatelets,macrophages,fibroblasts,osteoclasts,endothelium,smoothmuscle,neuraltissue(brainwhitematterandperipheralnerves),synovialliningcellsPositivestaining(tumors):melanoma　

CD64

AkaFcgammaRI

HighaffinityreceptorbindstoFcregionofIgG

Importantinphagocytosisviareceptor-mediatedendocytosisofIgG-antigencomplexesMediatesantigencaptureforpresentationtoTcells,antibody-dependentcellularcytotoxicity,releaseofcytokinesandreactiveoxygenintermediatesPositivestaining(normal):Macrophages/monocytes,activatedgranulocytes,dendriticcells,earlymyeloidcellsPositivestaining(disease):AMLM0-M2(variable);M3(usually);M4,M5Negativestaining:AMLM7　

CD65

AkaVIM2,ceramide-dodecasaccharideAdhesivemoleculethatappearstobesignificantriskfactorforextravascularAMLinfiltrationPositivestaining(normal):myeloidcells,monocytes　

CD65s

Widelyusedforacuteleukemiacelltypingandtoidentifyasubsetofpre-pre-BALLAkasialylated-CD65MayinhibitphagocytosisPositivestaining(normal):granulocytes,monocytesPositivestaining(disease):myeloidleukemiacells　

CD66a

AkaCEACAM1,biliaryglycoprotein,BGP,C-CAMPrimordialproteinofcarcinoembryonicantigen(CEA)familyCelladhesionmoleculecapableofactivatingneutrophils;mayregulateCD11/CD18activityReceptorforNeisseriagonorrheaandN.meningitidisDownregulatedincolorectal,endometrialandhepatocellularcarcinomas;supplementationmaycausetumorregressioninvitroorinrodentsDownregulatedinGleasongrade4/5prostatecarcinoma,HumPath2002;33:290Positivestaining(normal):granulocytes,epithelialcells,prostateglandsandducts(dense),bilecanaliculibetweenlivercellsPositivestaining(disease):lowgradeprostaticcarcinomaNegativestaining:prostatecarcinoma,Gleasongrade4/5Microimages(HumPathsubscribers):Prostate:A-normal,B-Gleasongrade3,C-Gleasongrade4,normalliver(figureF)　

CD66b

AkaCEAgenemember6;formerlyCD67Capableofactivatingneutrophils;mayregulateCD11/CD18adhesionactivity

Positivestaining(normal):granulocytes

Positivestaining(disease):chronicmyelogenousleukemia

CD66c

Akanoncrossreactiveantigen(NCA)Capableofactivatingneutrophils;mayregulateCD11/CD18adhesionactivityPositivestaining(normal):granulocytes　

CD66d

CapableofactivatingneutrophilsandfunctionsasareceptorforNeisseriagonorrheaandN.meningitidisMayplayasignalingroleandregulateadhesionactivityofCD11/CD18inneutrophilsPositivestaining(normal):granulocytes　

CD66e

AkaCEA,carcinoembryonicantigenMayplayaroleintheprocessofmetastasisofcancercellsSerummarkeroftumorburden,relapseRemovedbyhepaticKupffercellsviaaspecificreceptor.Uses:85%sensitive,96%specificforlungadenocarcinomasvs.mesotheliomas;diffusecylasmicstainingwithmembraneenhancementPositivestaining(normal):biliarytract,colon(fetal),epithelialcells(apicalsurfaces),GIadenocarcinomas(endodermallyderived),granulocytes,smallintestinalcrypts;smallintestinalgobletcellmucin(notintracylasmic)Positivestaining(tumors):colonicandlungadenocarcinoma,medullarythyroidcarcinomaVariablestaining:breastcarcinoma,endometrialcarcinoma,neuroendocrinecarcinoma,urothelialcarcinomaNegativestaining:hepatocellularcarcinoma,mesothelioma,ovariancarcinoma,prostateadenocarcinoma,renalcellcarcinoma,thyroidcarcinomaotherthanmedullary　

CD66f

Akapregnancy-specificglycoproteinMaybeinvolvedinimmuneregulation,protectionoffetusfrommaternalimmunesystemLowlevelsinmaternalbloodpredictspontaneousabortionPositivestaining(normal):syncytiotrophoblasts,fetalliver,myeloidcelllinesReference:176390　

CD67

Recognizesnon-specificcross-reactiveantigenspresentongranulocytesMayhaveroleinneutrophilactivation　

CD68

AkaKP-1MayhaveroleinmacrophagephagocyticactivitiesSpecifictolysosomes,notcelllineagePositivestaining(normal):macrophage/monocytes,basophils,dendriticcells,mastcells,myeloidcells,CD34+progenitorcells,neutrophils,osteoclasts,activatedplatelets,BandTcellsPositivestaining(tumors):AML-M4/M5,angiosarcoma(granularcelltype),Bcelllymphoma(some),giantcellangioblastoma,granularcelltumors,hairycellleukemia,histiocyticsarcoma,interdigitatingdendriticcellsarcoma(AJSP2002;26:530),Langerhanscellhistiocytosis,mastocytosis,mastcelldisease(alsopositivefortryptase,CD43,CD117),melanoma(some)Microimages:multinucleatedgiantcellinthyroidglandgiantcellgranuloma(figureC),plexiformfibrohistiocytictumor,Rosai-Dorfmandisease#1,#2-figureDMicroimages(AJSPsubscribers):histiocyticlymphoma(figureA),histiocyticsarcoma(figureA),giantcellangioblastoma#1(figure5D),#2(figure6D)Microimages(ModPathsubscribers):Kupffercellsinnormalliver,Kupffercellsinseverenon-alcoholicsteatohepatitis(figureB)Reference:AJSP2001;25:1372,AJSP2003;27:258,ModPath2002;15:699　

CD69

Akaactivationinducermolecule(AIM),earlyactivationantigen(EA-1)EarliestinduciblecellsurfaceglycoproteinacquiredduringlymphoidactivationInvolvedinearlyeventsofTcell,NKcell,monocyteandplateletactivationAssociatedwithTh-1Tcelldifferentiationandassociatedcytokines(IL-2,TNF-alpha,interferon-gamma),HumPath2002;33:330HighlyexpressedonTcellsfrominflammatoryinfiltratesofrheumatoidarthritis,viralhepatitis,autoimmunethyroiddisorders;Positivestaining(normal):activatedTcells,Bcells,NKcells,neutrophils,eosinophils,epidermalLangerhanscellsPositivestaining(disease):Tcelllymphomas(angioimmunoblastic,Lennert’s,mycosisfungoides/Sezarysyndrome)Negativestaining:anaplasticlargecelllymphomaMicroimages(HumPathsubscribers):A-tonsil,B-peripheralTcelllymphomaNOS,C-anaplasticlargecelllymphoma(H&E,frozen,paraffin)　

CD70

AkaCD27ligandRoleinTcellactivation;inducesTcellproliferationandenhancesgenerationofcytolyticTcellsPositivestaining(normal):activatedB,TcellsPositivestaining(disease):Reed-Sternbergcells　

CD71

AkatransferrinreceptorPresentonactivelyproliferatingcells;essentialforirontransportintoproliferatingcells(benignandmalignant)FerrotransferrinbindsCD71atneutralpH,isinternalizedtoanacidicendosomalcompartmentIron-freeapotransferrinremainsboundtoCD71atpH5,isreturnedtocellsurface,wherepHrisesto7.4.AtneutralpH,apotransferrinlosesaffinityforreceptor,isreleasedintocirculation,allowinganewcycletobeginPositivestaining(normal):allproliferatingcellsplusironrequiringcells:reticulocytes,erythroidprecursors,capillaryendotheliuminbrainPositivestaining(disease):AMLM6,primaryeffusionlymphoma　

CD72

CellsurfaceproteinexpressedexclusivelyonBcells;maycontrolBcellproliferationAssociatedwithCD5Positivestaining(normal):BcellsPositivestaining(disease):hairycellleukemia　

CD73

Akaecto-5"-nucleotidase,PI-linkedCatalysesdephosphorylationofpurineandpyrimidineribo-anddeoxyribonucleosidemonophosphatestotheircorrespondingnucleosidesMediatescostimulatorysignalsinTcellactivation,lymphocyteadhesiontoendotheliumMaybelymphocytematurationmarkerHighlevelsarepoorprognosticfactorsinleukemia/lymphomasPositivestaining(normal):BandTcellsubset;endothelialcells,onfolliculardendriticcells,epithelialcellsPositivestaining(disease):acuteTcellleukemia,CLL,ALL　

CD74

GammachainantigenassociatedwithMHCclassIIantigenInsynthesisofclassIIantigensofMHC,newlysynthesizedalphaandbetachainsformstablecomplexwithgammachainsintheendoplasmicreticulum;thentransportedtoGolgi,wheregammachaindissociatesPositivestaining(normal):B-cells,activatedT-cells,macrophages,activatedendothelialandepithelialcells　

CD75

Akalactosamines;LN-1LigandforCD22InvolvedincelladhesionPositivestaining(normal):Bcells,Tcells,erythrocytesPositivestaining(disease):“popcorncells”oflymphocytepredominanceHodgkindiseaseMicroimages:lymphocytepredominanceHodgkindiseaseReference:Archives2002;126:862　

CD75s

Alpha-2,6-sialylatedlactosamines(formerlyCDw75andCDw76)　

CDw76

Deletedat7thHLDAWorkshop;seenewCD75s

CD77

Akaglobotriaosylceraminde,pKbloodgroupBindstoShigatoxin(producedbyShigelladysenteriae),verotoxin1(producedbyE.coli),CD19Positivestaining(normal):BcellsPositivestaining(disease):Burkitt"slymphoma　

CDw78

Deletedat7thHLDAWorkshop

CD79a

EncodestheIg-alphaproteinoftheB-cellantigenreceptor;receptoralsoincludesIg-betaprotein,surfaceimmunoglobulinExpressedearlyinB-celldifferentiation(oftenpositivewhenmatureB-cellmarkersarenegative);alsoexpressedinplasmacellsUses:positiveinacutelymphoblasticleukemia,smallBcelllymphoproliferativedisorderswhenCD20maybenegative;moreconsistentlypreservedininfarctedlymphomasthanCD20,Archives2003;127:60Positivestaining:Bcelllymphomas,lymphocyte-predominantHodgkinlymphoma,classicHodgkinlymphomaMicroimages:Warthin-Finkeldeygiantcellsinmeaslesrelatedappendicitis(FigureC),infarctedlymphomas,figures2&6　

CD79b

EncodestheIg-betaproteinoftheB-cellantigenreceptor;receptoralsoincludesIg-alphaprotein,surfaceimmunoglobulin　

CD80

AkaB7-1,BB1LigandforTcellmarkerCD28orCTLA4(CD152)Co-regulatorofTcellactivationwithCD86Hascriticalroleinautoimmune,humoral,andtransplantresponsesPositivestaining(normal):activatedBcells,Tcells,macrophages,dendriticcellsReference:112203　

CD81

AkaTargetofanAnti-ProliferativeAntibody(TAPA1)AntibodiesagainstTAPA1inducehomotypicaggregationofcellsandcaninhibittheirgrowthMemberofCD19/CD21/Leu-13signaltransductioncomplex;regulatescellgrowthinunknownmannerMaybesiteofbindingofHepatitisCvirusPositivestaining(normal):lymphocytes,endothelialcells,epithelialcellsNegativestaining:erythrocytes,platelets,neutrophils　

CD82

AkaprostatecancerantimetastasisgeneKAI1,"kangai"(Chineseforanticancer).Metastasissuppressorgene;downregulatedintumorprogressionofcancersExpressioncorrelateswithp53expressionAssociateswithCD4orCD8anddeliverscostimulatorysignalsforTcellreceptorpathwayActivationantigenforTcellsPositivestaining(normal):activated/differentiatedhemaoieticcellsNegativestaining:erythrocytesReference:600623　

CD83

Summary:MarkerfordendriticcellsMayassistinantigenpresentationorcellularinteractionsthatfollowlymphocyteactivation.Positivestaining(normal):dendriticcells,Langerhanscells,lymphocytesPositivestaining(disease):Churg-Strausssyndromemyocarditisininflammatoryinfiltrates,Archives2003;127:98Microimages:Churg-StrausssyndromemyocarditisReference:GeneCards　

CD84

Summary:HomophilicadhesionmoleculethatenhancesIFN-gammasecretionPositivestaining(normal):Bcells,thymocytes,Tcellsubset,monocytes/macrophages,plateletsReference:GeneCards　

CD85

Summary:MarkerofplasmacellsandhairycellleukemiaAkaLILRB1

ILT/LIRfamily

InhibitoryMHCclassIreceptorpreventskillingbyNKandTcells

AlsoinhibitsBcellsactivatedbyantigenreceptorandmyelomonocyticcellsactivatedbyHLA-DRPositivestaining(normal):plasmacells(strong),mantlezone,germinalcenterBcells,Tcellsubset,NKcellsubset;dendriticcellsPositivestaining(disease):hairycellleukemia(strong)Reference:GeneCards　

CD85a-ILT5/LIR3CD85b-ILT8CD85c-LIR8CD85d-ILT4/LIR2,MIR10CD85e-ILT6/LIR4CD85f-ILT11CD85g-ILT7CD85h-ILT1/LIR7CD85i-LIR6CD85j-ILT2/LIR1,MIR7CD85k-ILT3/LIR5CD85l-ILT9CD85m-ILT10　

CD86

Summary:CostimulatesIL-2productionandTcellproliferationAkaB7-2LigandforCD28(CD80alsobindsCD28),CD152(CTLA4)InductionofanimmuneresponserequiresTcellstoreceive2setsofsignalsfromantigenpresentingcells.ThefirstisdeliveredthroughtheT-cellreceptorcomplex,whilethesecondisprovidedbytheB-cellactivationantigensB7-1,orCD80andB7-2,orCD86byinteractionwiththeT-cellsurfacemoleculesCD28andCTLA4Positivestaining(normal):interdigitatingdendriticcellsinTzonesofsecondarylymphoidorgans,Langerhanscells,peripheralblooddendriticcells,memoryBcells,germinalcenterBcells,monocytes(higherlevelsafterg-IFN),endothelialcells,activatedTcellsReference:GeneCards　

CD87

Summary:Receptorforurokinaseplasminogenactivator(uPA),whichconvertsplasminogentoplasmin

SubjecttonegativefeedbackregulationbyuPA,whichcleavesitintoaninactiveform

Implicatedinmetastasis-receptorsforuPAandplasminarefoundatleadingedgeoftumorcells;plasmincauseshydrolysisofextra-cellularmatrixproteinsinthepathofcellularinvasionMayhaveadherenceandchemotaxisfunctionsPositivestaining(normal):T-cells,NKcells,monocytes,neutrophils(higherafteractivation),endothelialcells,fibroblasts,smoothmusclecells,keratinocytes,placentaltrophoblasts,hepatocytesPositivestaining(tumors):carcinomasofbreast,colonandprostate;melanomaReference:GeneCards　

CD88

Summary:receptorforC5a,thechemotacticandinflammatorypeptideanaphylatoxinStimulateschemotaxis,granuleenzymereleaseandsuperoxideanionproductionReducedlevelsinHIVpatientsPositivestaining(normal):granulocytes,macrophages/monocytes,dendriticcells,astrocytes,microgliaReference:GeneCards　

CD89

Summary:IgAFcreceptor,bindsIgAandeliminatesIgAcoatedtargetsInducesphagocytosis,degranulation,respiratoryburstandkillingofmicroorganismsPositivestaining(normal):granulocytelineage,monocytelineage,activatedeosinophils,alveolarandsplenicmacrophages　

CD90

Summary:MaymediatedifferentiationofhemaoieticstemcellsandsynaptogenesisintheCNSAkaThy-1CD34+CD90+cellsincludehemaoieticstemcellsthatserveasautologousgraftstoreplacethebonemarrowinpatientswithmalignanciesPositivestaining(normal):hemaoieticstemcells,neurons,connectivetissue　

CD91

Summary:lowdensitylipoproteinreceptor-relatedprotein1;akaalpha-2-macroglobulinreceptorBindstoapoE-containinglipoproteinsandmediateschylomicronremnantclearancefromtheplasmaAlsoacellsurfacereceptorforheatshockproteins,Archives2003;127:178

Positivestaining(normal):fibroblasts,dendriticcells,macrophages;liver,brain,lung

Microimages:psoriasis

CDw92

MayregulatedendriticcellfunctionPositivestaining(normal):leukocytes,endothelialcells　

CD93

Positivestaining(normal):granulocytes,monocytes,endothelialcellsPositivestaining(disease):AMLblasts　

CD94

InhibitsNKcellfunctionPositivestaining(normal):NKcells,gamma/deltaandalpha/betaTcells　

CD95

Summary:activatesapoptosiswhenboundbyFasligand(FasL,CD178)AkaFAS,APO-1ReceptorforFasL;whenactivated,FADD(Fas-associateddeathdomain,aseparateproteinfromFas)recruitscaspase-8tothereceptor;resulting“death-inducingsignalingcomplex”performscaspase-8proteolyticactivation;activatedcaspase-8initiatesasubsequentcascadeofcaspasesmediatingapoptosisFas-FasLsystemmediatesextra-thymicself-tolerance(FasL+cellsinduceapoptosisininfiltratingFas+lymphocytes),Tcellmediatedcytotoxicity,haltingofimmuneresponseMutationscauselossofregulationofBlymphocytes,predisposingtosystemicautoimmunity(SLE);FasmutantmicedeveloplymphadenopathyandsystemicautoimmunediseaseDownregulationmaycausereductioninCD4+TcellsinHIV,Archives2002;126:28Positivestaining(normal):activatedBcells,activatedTcells(initiallyextrabutnonfunctionalFas),restingTcells(lowlevels),breast,vaginal,endometrialandovarianepitheliumPositivestaining(disease):thyroidepithelialcellsinHashimoto’sthyroiditis,Reed-SternbergcellsinclassicHodgkin’slymphoma,AJSP2001;25:388,Barrett’sesophagus,esophagealadenocarcinomaNegativestaining:normalgastricmucosaReferences:GeneCardsImages:Apoptosispathwaychart,FasexpressioninlymphnodesofHIVpatientsMicroimages(HumPathsubscribers):benigntamoxifen-exposedpostmenopausalendometrium　

CD96

AkaTcellactivatedincreasedlateexpression(TACTILE)MaybeinvolvedinadhesionofactivatedTandNKcellslateinimmuneresponsePositivestaining(normal):activatedTcells　

CD97

BindstoCD55andGprotein-coupledreceptorsMaybeinvolvedincelladhesionandsignalingprocessesearlyafterleukocyteactivationHighlyexpressedatsitesofinflammationinskin,lungandrheumatoidarthritis.Positivestaining(normal):activatedT>Bcells,monocytes/macrophages,dendriticcells,granulocytesPositivestaining(tumors):thyroidcarcinomas,GIadenocarcinomasNegativestaining:microglia　

CD98

Aminoacidtransporter,akaSLC3A2Associatedwithfunctionofpancreaticisletcells,thyroidCcellsandparathyroidcellsAlsoinvolvedinnormalandneoplasticcellgrowthUpregulatedonleukocytesininflammatorylesions,stronglyexpressedbyneoplasticcells.Positivestaining(normal):broadPositivestaining(tumors):transformedcells　

CD99

Summary:relativelynon-specificmarkerforEwing’ssarcomaandTcelllymphomaAkaMIC2,O13AssociatedwithEWS-FLI1fusiontranscript,t(11;22)(q24;q12),causingFLI-1proteinoverexpressionInterpretation:distinctmembranousstainingforEwings/PNET;cylasmicforothertumorsPositivestaining(normal):ovariangranulosacells,pancreaticislets,infantthymus,SertolicellsPositivestaining(tumors):Tcellacutelymphoblasticlymphoma,calcifyingaponeuroticfibroma,Ewing"ssarcoma/PNET(95%sensitive),gastrointestinalstromaltumor,intraabdominaldesmoplasticsmallroundcelltumor(23-35%),leukemiacutis,nuchalfibromas,perineuroma(myxoidsclerosingtype),rhabdomyosarcoma(membranousstaining,AJSP2002;26:1175),sinonasalundifferentiatedcarcinoma(rare,AJSP2001;25:156),smallcellcarcinomasoflung(rare),solitaryfibroustumor,synovialsarcoma(poorlydifferentiated,monophasicandmyxoidtypes),Wilm’stumors(some),endometrialstromaltumorswithsexcorddifferentiationNegativestaining:adultneuroblastomaMicroimages:GISTvs.solitaryfibroustumorMicroimages(AJSPsubscribers):PNETofpancreas(figureB),Ewingssarcoma/PNETofkidney#1,#2,sinonasalundifferentiatedcarcinomaMicroimages(HumPathsubscribers):EwingssarcomaofesophagusMicroimages(ModPathsubscribers):PNETofdura(figureC)Reference:Archives2002;126:1189,AJSP2002;26:1040,ModPath2002;15:673　

CD100IncreasesCD45inducedTcelladhesion;down-regulatesBcellexpressionofCD23Positivestaining(normal):mosthemopoieticcells,increasedexpressionafterTcellactivationNegativestaining:immaturebonemarrowcells

CD101Positivestaining(normal):monocytes,granulocytes,dendriticcells,activatedTlymphocytes

CD102AkaICAM-2Providescostimulatorysignalinimmuneresponse;importantinlymphocyterecirculationPositivestaining(normal):restinglymphocytes,monocytes,platelets,vascularendothelialcellsPositivestaining(tumors):somelymphomasNegativestaining:neutrophils

CD103Akahumanmucosallymphocyteantigen1,integrinalphaEchainUsefulmarkerforintraepitheliallymphocytes(normalortumoral),althoughalsoexpressedbyactivatedlymphocytesPositivestaining(normal):intraepitheliallymphocytes,somelaminapropriaTlymphocytesintheintestinePositivestaining(tumors):hairycellleukemia;AML(many),enteropathy-associatedTcelllymphomas,adultHTLV-1associatedTcellleukemia

CD104Akaintegrinbeta4chainPositivestaining(normal):thymocytes

CD105AkaendoglinRegulatorycomponentofTGF-betareceptorcomplex;mediatescellularresponsetoTGF-beta1TargetgeneforHereditaryHemorrhagicTelangiectasiatypeI;eachaffectedfamilyhasadifferentmutationPositivestaining(normal):activatedmonocytes,endothelialcells;erythroidprecursorsinmarrow;syncytiotrophoblasts,cytotrophoblastsinfirsttrimester(transientexpression)

CD106AkaVCAM-1;alpha4beta1ligandAdhesionmolecularfoundinstimulatedendotheliumthatplaysaroleinmigrationofwhitebloo--CD107aAlsocalledlysosome-associatedmembraneprotein1(LAMP-1)EnclodesamembraneglycoproteinthatprovidesselectinswithcarbohydrateligandsMayplayaroleintumormetastasis,ashighlymetastatictumorcellsexpressmorelampmoleculesontheircellsurfacePresentinlysosomes,degranulatedplatelets,activatedneutrophils,TcellsandendotheliumReferences:(OMIM)-153330CD107bAlsocalledlysosome-associatedmembraneprotein2(LAMP-2)EnclodesamembraneglycoproteinthatprovidesselectinswithcarbohydrateligandsMayplayaroleintumormetastasis,ashighlymetastatictumorcellsexpressmorelampmoleculesontheircellsurfaceMayprotectormaintainlysosomesDefectscausevariousglycogenstoragediseasesPresentinlysosomes,degranulatedplatelets,weaklyinactivatedneutrophilsandendotheliumReferences:(OMIM)-309060CD108AlsocalledSEMA7A,John-Milton-Hagen(JMH)humanbloodgroupantigenAsemaphorinPotentstimulatorofcytokineproduction,chemotaxisandsuperoxidereleaseinmonocytes;mayhaveadhesionfunction;maymodulateimmuneresponseAutoantibodiesarecommon,andassociatedwithlossofJMHantigenexpressionDeficiencymaybeassociatedwitharareformofcongenitaldyserythropoieticanemiaExpressedonerythrocytes,lymphoblasts,lymphocytes(lowlevels)CD109Glycophosphatidylinositol-linkedglycoproteinCarriesthebiallelicplatelet-specificGovantigensystem,implicatedinrefractorinesstoplatelettransfusion,neonatalalloimmunethrombocyenia,andposttransfusionpurpuraExpressedonsubsetofhemaoieticstemandprogenitorcellsandonactivatedplateletsandTcells

CD110Akathrombopoietinreceptor(TPO-R),myeloproliferativeleukemiavirusoncogene(MPL)BindingtothrombopoietininducesmegakaryocyteproliferationanddifferentiationandpreventsapoptosisMutationsfoundinsomepatientswithcongenitalamegakaryocyticthrombocyenia,adiseasecharacterizedbyseverecongenitalthrombocyeniawithvariablebleedingtendencyandabsenceofmegakaryocytesinthebonemarrowPositivestaining(normal):hemopoieticstemandprogenitorcells,megakaryocytesandprogenitors,platelets

CD111Akapoliovirusreceptorrelated1(PRR1),nectin1Widelyexpressedadhesionmoleculethatisacomponentoftheadherensjunction;receptorforherpessimplexviruses1and2Positivestaining(normal):cellsfrommyeloid,monocyte,megakaryocytesanderythroidlineage,epithelialcells,neurons,endothelium

CD112Akapoliovirusreceptorrelated2(PRR2)Adhesionmoleculethatisacomponentoftheadherensjunction;receptorforherpessimplexvirusPositivestaining(normal):cellsfrommyeloid,monocyte,megakaryocyteslineage,epithelialcells,neurons,endothelium

CD113Reservedforfutureuse

CD114Akagranulocytecolony-stimulatingfactorreceptor,G-CSFRSpecificregulatorofmyeloidproliferationanddifferentiationMutationspresentinsomepatientswithseverecongenitalneutropeniaPositivestaining(normal):granulocytes(all),monocytes,platelets,endothelium,placenta,trophoblasticcellsPositivestaining(tumors):culturedtumorcellsNegativestaining:eosinophils,lymphocytes,erythrocytes

CD115Akac-fms,receptorformacrophagecolonystimulatingfactor,CSF-1RLocalizedoncylasmicmembrane;mediatesbiologicactivityofCSF-1v-fmsisaviraloncogenepresentinthefelineMcDonoughsarcomavirus(hasseveralsubstitutemutations)Relatedtoplateletderivedgrowthfactorreceptor,c-kit,vascularendothelialgrowthfactorreceptor,fibroblastgrowthfactorreceptor,highaffinitynervegrowthfactor(TrkA)Deficiencycausesreducedosteoclastsandmacrophages,abnormalboneremodelingandosteopetrosis,abnormalbreastdevelopmentanddecreasedfertilityPositivestaining(normal):macrophagesandprecursors,osteoclasts,placentaltrophoblast,breasttissue,microglia,neurons,astrocytesPositivestaining(tumors):10%AML,someendometrial,ovarianandbreastcancers,vascularsmoothmusclecellsinatheromas,choriocarcinomacells

CD116GM-CSFreceptoralphachainPrimarybindingsubunitofGM-CSFreceptorPositivestaining(normal):monocytes,neutrophils,eosinophils,fibroblasts,endothelialcells,dendriticcells

CD117Summary:proto-oncogeneactivatedinGISTtumorsAkac-kit,stemcellfactorreceptorGeneat4q11-21Receptorforkitprotein,a145kDtyrosinekinasegrowthfactorreceptorproteinimportantfordevelopmentandsurvivalofmastcells,hemopoieticstemcells,melanocytes,germcells,interstitialcellsofCajalHasactivatingorgainoffunctionmutationsinmostGISTtumors,oftenatexon11,lessoftenatexons9and13,HumPath2002;33:484Molecularimages(HumPathsubscribers):image1Kitsignalingpathways(HumPathsubscribers):chart1Tyrosinekinaseactivityofc-kitinGISTandbcl-abloverexpressioninCMLareinhibitedbyimatinibmesylate(Gleevec,STI571),atyrosinekinaseinhibitorusedtotreatthesediseases,HumPath2002;33:466Uses:confirmingdiagnosisofGIST(butseeotherCD117+tumorsbelow),possiblyconfirmchronicintestinalpseudo-obstruction,AJSP2003;27:228Interpretation:shouldbestronganddiffusecylasmicstaining,likethepositivecontrolPositivestaining(normal):interstitialcellsofCajal,hemopoieticprogenitorcells,melanocytes,embryonic/fetalbrain,endothelium,gonads,mastcells,breastepithelium,germcellsPositivestaining(tumors):AML,angiomyolipoma(AJSP2002;26:493),angiosarcomas(50%),clearcellsarcoma,CML,epithelioidsarcoma,Ewingsarcoma,gastrointestinalautonomictumors,gastrointestinalstromaltumors(GIST),granulocyticsarcoma,Hodgkin’slymphoma(someReed-Sternbergcells),intraabdominalfibromatosis(dependsonantibodyused,AJSP2001;25:549),mastcelldisease(alsopositivefortryptase,CD43,CD68);melanoma,mesentericfibromatosis(variable,AJSP2002;26:1296),metanephricadenosarcoma(AJSP2001;25:1451),omentalmesenchymaltumor,osteosarcoma,rhabdomyosarcoma,sclerosingmesenteritis(variable),seminomas/dysgerminomas,smallcelllungcancer(HumPath2002;33:1182),synovialsarcoma(~10%,usuallycylasmicstaining),adenoidcysticcarcinomaofsalivarygland(strongstaining)Negativestaining:alveolarsoftpartsarcomas,desmoplasticsmallroundcelltumors,glomustumors,leiomyomas(retroperitoneal,colorectal),leiomyosarcomas,myxomas(cardiac),schwannomas(colorectal),smoothmuscletumorsofuncertainmalignantpotential,solitaryfibroustumorsMicroimages:rhabdomyosarcomaofpulmonarytrunk,GISTvs.solitaryfibroustumor,malignantstromaltumorofgallbladder(figure4),Microimages(AJSPsubscribers):GIST(siteunspecified),rectalGIST(figureA),metanephricadenosarcomaofkidney(stromaonly),normalsmallbowel(figure1A),normalcolon(figure2A),chronicintestinalpseudo-obstruction(figure3A),intraabdominalfibromatosis(variableresultswithdifferentantibodies)-#1,#2,pediatricsynovialsarcomas,pediatricosteosarcomas,pediatricEwing’s/PNETMicroimages(HumPathsubscribers):GIST#1,#2,#3,#4(figureA),smallcelllungcanceroflung(A:H&E,B:control-GIST,C:2+staining,D:1+staining)Microimages(ModPathsubscribers):GIST(figuresG,H),interstitialcellsofCajalinpatientwithmultipleGISTtumorsReferences:Archives2002;126:1189,AJSP2002;26:486

CD118Reservedforinterferonalpha/gammareceptor

CDw119InterferongammareceptorPositivestaining(normal):macrophages,Bcells

CD120aAkaTNFR1,receptorfortumornecrosisfactoralphaandbeta,typeIReceptorbindingtoligandcausesapoptosis

CD120bAkareceptorfortumornecrosisfactor(TNF)alphaandbeta,typeII

CD121aAkaInterleukin1receptor(IL-1R)typeI,IL1-alphaInterleukin-1,aninflammatorymediator,consistsof2separatebutrelatedproteins,IL1-alphaandIL1-betaPositivestaining(normal):Tcells,thymocytes,fibroblasts,endothelialcells

CDw121bAkaInterleukin1receptor(IL-1R)typeII,IL1-betaMayinhibitIL1activitybyactingasadecoytargetforIL1Positivestaining(normal):Bcells,macrophages

CD122AkaInterleukin2receptorbetachain(IL-2Rbeta)CriticalcomponentofIL-2andIL-15-mediatedsignalingPositivestaining(normal):NKcells,Bcells,Tcells,monocytes

CD123AkaInterleukin3receptoralphasubunitAssociateswiththeGM-CSFreceptor(GMRbeta)Positivestaining(normal):plasmacytoidmonocytes(brightwithflowcytometry,AJSP2002;26:852)

CD124AkaInterleukin4receptorReceptorsubunitforInterleukin-4and13Positivestaining(normal):matureBcells,Tcells;hemopoieticprecursors;fibroblasts,endothelialcells

CDw125AkaInterleukin5receptoralphasubunitTherapeutictargetofeosinophilicinflammationinvolvedinbronchialasthmaPositivestaining(normal):eosinophils,activatedBcells,basophils

CD126AkaInterleukin6receptorContinuousexpressionofIL-6andCD130,ligandsforCD126,causeshypergammaglobulinemia,glomeruloproliferativenephritisandlymphoidinfiltrationinsomeorgansDysregulatedstimulationmaycausemyelomaandplasmacytomaPositivestaining(normal):Tcells,monocytes,activatedBcells,hepatocytes

CD127AkaInterleukin7receptorPositivestaining(normal):Bcellprecursors,mostTcells,monocytes

CDw128aAkaInterleukin8receptoralphasubunit,CXCR1Chemokinereceptor,powerfulneutrophilchemotacticfactorPositivestaining(normal):neutrophils,basophils,Tcellsubset,monocytes,keratinocytes

CDw128bAkaInterleukin8receptorbetasubunit,CXCR2Chemokinereceptor,powerfulneutrophilchemotacticfactor,particularlytositesofinflammationBindsmultipleCXCchemokinesincludingIL-8Positivestaining(normal):maturegranulocytes,projectionneurons,neuroendocrinecells(various)Positivestaining(tumors):carcinoids,atypicalcarcinoids,metastaticcarcinoids,pituitaryadenomas,pheochromocytomas,medullarycarcinomasNegativestaining:smallcellcarcinomaoflung/cervix,largecelllungneuroendocrinecarcinoma,Merkelcellcarcinoma,neuroblastoma,melanoma

CD129ReservedforInterleukin9receptor

CD130Akagp130Requiredfortransducingbiologicalactivitiesofinterleukin-6,interleukin-11,leukemiainhibitoryfactor,ciliaryneurotrophicfactor,oncostatinM,andcardiotrophin-1Inhuman,IL-6andoncostatinMdependentactivationofgp130areinvolvedinmultiplemyelomaPositivestaining(normal):almostallcelltypes(lowlevels)

CDw131AkacommonbetasubunitDoesnotbindanycytokinebyitself,butisacomponentofthehighaffinityIL-3,GM-CSFandIL-5receptorsDefectiveCDw131isassociatedwithproteinalveolarproteinosisPositivestaining(normal):myeloid(earlyandmature),earlyBcells

CD132Akacommoncytokinereceptorgammachain-receptorforIL-2,IL-4,IL-7,IL-9andIL-15MutationinhumanscausesX-linkedseverecombinedimmunodeficiency(noTcells,noNKcells)CD132isatargetmoleculeforgenetherapyforX-SCIDPositivestaining(normal):Tcells,Bcells,NKcells,monocytes/macrophages,neutrophils

CD133Akaprominin-like1,AC133AlternativetoCD34inselectinghemopoieticstemandprogenitorcellsfortransplantationstudiesLocalizedtomicrovilliandotherplasmamembraneprotrusionsPositivestaining(normal):CD34brighthemopoieticstemandprogenitorcells,neuralandendothelialstemcells,otherprimitivecellssuchasretina,villousandextravillouscytotrophoblast,syncytiotrophoblastPositivestaining(tumors):retinoblastoma,hemangioblasts,developingepitheliumNegativestaining:adultepithelialtissue,villousstroma

CD134Akatax-transcriptionallyactivatedglycoprotein1receptor,OX40antigen,lymphoidactivationantigen

CD135AkaFMS-liketyrosinekinase3,flt3GrowthfactorreceptorforearlyhemopoieticprogenitorsPositivestaining(normal):multipotential,myelomonocytic,andprimitiveBcellprogenitorsPositivestaining(tumors):mostAML,ALLandCML

CDw136Akamacrophagestimulatingproteinreceptor,mspreceptorMayregulateciliarybeatfrequencyinepithelialcellsPositivestaining(normal):skin,kidney,lung,liver,intestine,andcolon

CDw137CostimulatorofTcellproliferationPositivestaining(normal):Tcells,especiallyCD45RAandCD45R0;alsoBcells,monocytes,epithelialcells

CD138Akaheparansulfateproteoglycan,syndecan-1Mediatescelladhesion,growthfactors;associatedwithlatestageofBcelldifferentiationIntegralmembraneproteinisareceptorforextracellularmatrixLossofCD138expressionisassociatedwithtumoraggressivenessinsquamouscellcarcinoma(SCC)ofheadandneckandlarynx;levelsalsoreducedininvasiveSCCbutnotinSCC-insituInterpretation:membranousstainingPositivestaining(normal):Bcellprecursors,plasmacells,stratifiedsquamousepitheliumPositivestaining(tumors):keratoacanthoma,myeloma,primaryeffusionlymphoma,pyothoraxassociatedlymphomaNegativestaining:matureBcells,lymphomas(evenplasmacytoidlymphomas)Microimages:plasmacellsinRosai-DorfmandiseaseMicroimages(AJSPsubscribers):primaryeffusionlymphoma(figureC)Microimages(HumPathsubscribers):primaryeffusionlymphoma(figureE)Microimages(ModPathsubscribers):keratoacanthoma#1(figureB),#2(figureB),invasivesquamouscellcarcinomaReferences:ModPath2002;15:45;AJSP2002;26:1363

CD139Positivestaining(normal):Bcells,monocytes,granulocytes,erythrocytes(weak),dendriticcells,glomeruliNegativestaining:Tcells

CD140aAkaalphaplateletderivedgrowthfactorreceptor

CD140bAkabetaplateletderivedgrowthfactorreceptor

CD141Akathrombomodulin75kDtransmembraneglycoproteinandcofactorforthethrombin-mediatedactivationofproteinCMarkerofmesotheliomas,endothelialcellsandcoagulationfactorImportantfibrinolyticinhibitor,asitdecreasestheactivationofplasminogentoplasminCriticalforactivationofproteinCandinitiationoftheproteinCanticoagulantpathwayPlasmaCD141levelsareassociatedwithendothelialdamageInterpretation:membranousstainingpattern,oftenfocal(cylasmicstainingmaybeartifactual)Uses:Mesotheliomavs.lungadenocarcinoma:64%sensitive,95%specificformesotheliomas,butmustexcludevasculature;oftenmembranousstainingofperipherywithisolatedpapilla;negativestaininginsarcomatoidmesotheliomas;consideredtohavea“secondary”roleasothermarkersarebetter,HumPath2002;33:953Urothelialcarcinomas(positive)vs.renalcell,prostate,endometrialorcoloniccarcinomas,AJSP2001;25:1380Squamouscellcarcinomas(positive),AJCP1998;110:385,AJSP2003;27:150Positivestaining(normal):endothelialcells,megakaryocytes,keratinocytes,mesothelialcells,monocytes,neutrophils,platelets,smoothmusclecells,syncytiotrophoblasts,synovialliningcells,urotheliumPositivestaining(tumors):mesothelioma(epithelioid),squamouscellcarcinomas,trophoblastictumors,urothelialcarcinomas,vasculartumors(includingangiosarcoma),synovialsarcoma(diffuselypositivein10%,AJSP2001;25:610)Negativestaining:adenocarcinomaofcolon,endometrium,kidney,lung(usually),prostate;sarcomatoidmesothelioma,Microimages(AJSPsubscribers):lungsquamouscellcarcinoma,lungadenocarcinoma,mesothelioma(figure1B)

CD142AkacoagulationFactorIII,thromboplastin,tissuefactorMajorinitiatorofclottinginnormalhemostasisandmanythromboticdiseases,viacomplexwithfactorVIIaAlsobindszymogenfactorVII,theinactiveprecursorform;oncebound,avarietyofserineproteasesrapidlyactivatefactorVIItoVIIavialimitedproteolysisNormallyabsentfromallcellsindirectcontactwithplasmaPositivestaining(normal):epidermalkeratinocytes,glomerularepithelialcellsandvariousotherepithelia,adventitialcellsofbloodvessels,astrocytes,myocardium,Schwanncells,stromalcellsofliver,pancreas,spleenandthyroid

CD143Akaangiotensin-convertingenzyme,ACE,peptidyldipeptidaseAInvolvedinmetabolismofangiotensinIIandbradykinin;alsocleavessubstancePandLH-RHPatientswithhighactivityhaveDDgenotype,associatedwithMI,strokes,diabeticnephropathyNecessaryforspermatozoatobindtoeggandassociatedwithbetterpenetrationofeggPositivestaining(normal):endothelialcellsofsmall/mediumarteries,lungcapillaryendothelium,proximalrenaltubulebrushborders,basalganglianeuropil,granulosacells,Leydigcells,variableonothercells

CD144Endothelial-specificcadherinlocalizedatintercellularjunctionsAkavascularendothelial-cadherinprecursor,VE-cadherin,cadherin5Cadherinsarecelladhesionproteinsthatpreferentiallyinteractwiththemselvesinahomophilicmannerinconnectingcells,thuscontributingtothesortingofheterogeneouscelltypesPositivestaining(normal):endothelialcells,brain

CDw145Noinformationavailable

CD146Akamelanomacelladhesionmolecule(MEL-CAM),cellsurfaceglycoproteinMUC18MaybeaneuralcrestcelladhesionmoleculeduringembryogenesisAssociatedwithtumorprogressionandthedevelopmentofmetastasisinhumanmalignantmelanomaSensitivebutnonspecificmarkerofdesmoplastic/spindlecellmelanoma;useifsuggestivehistology,S100positive,melanomamarkersotherwisenegative,AJSP2001;25:58Interpretation:expressionismembranousPositivestaining(normal):vascularsmoothmuscle,endothelium,intermediatetrophoblastinexaggeratedplacentalsitesandplacentalsitetrophoblastictumors(HumPath1999;30:687),subpopulationofTcells,endothelium,smoothmuscle,SchwanncellsPositivestaining(tumors):clearcellsarcoma(90%),leiomyosarcomas(almostall),melanoma(desmoplastic-84%,epithelioidmelanomas-100%,advancedprimarytumorsandmetastatictumors),melanoticschwannoma(100%),MPNST(27%),neurofibroma(40%),prostaticadenocarcinomaandhighgradePIN,squamouscellcarcinomas(some),vascularsarcomas(almostall)Negativestaining:normalmelanocytes,melanocyticnevi,cellularbluenevus,thinprimarymelanomas,placentalsitenodules(orfocal),epithelioidtrophoblastictumors(orfocal),cytotrophoblast,atypicalfibroxanthomaMicroimages(AJSPsubscribers):desmoplasticmelanoma(figure1D),clearcellsarcoma(figure3C),melanoticschwannoma(figure4C)Reference:AJSP2001;25:58

CD147Akaneurothelin,extracellularmatrixmetalloproteinaseinducerPositivestaining(normal):allleukocytes,redbloodcells,plateletsandendothelialcells

CD148AkaHPTP-etaMaybeinvolvedincontactinhibitionofcellgrowthPositivestaining(normal):granulocytes,monocytes,memoryTcells,dendriticcells,platelets,fibroblasts,neurons,Kupffercells

CDw149Deleted(nowdesignatedCD47R)atthe7thHLDAWorkshopReference:TissueAntigens2000;56:258

CD150Akasignallymphocyteactivationmolecule(SLAM)CostimulatorymoleculeonBlymphocytesanddendriticcellsPositivestaining(normal):thymocytes,CD45ROpositivesubpopulationofTcells,Bcells,dendriticcells,endothelium

CD151MaymodifyintegrinfunctionorsignalingPositivestaining(normal):endothelium,platelets,megakaryocytes,epithelium

CD152AkacytotoxicTlymphocyte-associatedprotein-4,CTLA4NegativeregulatorofTcellactivationCTLA4restrictionfragmentlengthpolymorphismsarelinkedtovariousautoimmunedisordersSharessequencehomologywithCD28;alsosharesligandsCD80andCD86withCD28Positivestaining(normal):activatedbutnotrestingTcells,activatedBcellsReferences:123890

CD153AkaCD30ligandEnhancesCD3-activatedTlymphocyteproliferation

CD154AkaCD40ligand,CD40L,TNF-relatedactivationprotein(TRAP)RegulatesBcellfunctionbyengagingCD40DefectivegenepreventsimmunoglobulinclassswitchandisassociatedwithhyperIgMsyndrome,autoimmunehematologicdisorders,disorganizednodalfolliculararchitectureandPAS-positiveplasmacytoidcellscontainingIgM,lymphnodeswithoutgerminalcenters,shortenedLifespan,oftenwithgastrointestinalcancers(cholangiocarcinoma,hepatocellularcarcinoma,andadenocarcinoma)andCryptosporidiumparvuminfectionPositivestaining(normal):Tcells

CD155AkapoliovirusreceptorInvolvedinintercellularadhesionPositivestaining(normal):embryonicstructuresgivingrisetospinalcordanteriorhornmotorneurons

CD156aAkaADAM8MayplayaroleinmuscledifferentiationPossibleroleinneutrophilicextravasationPositivestaining(normal):neutrophils,monocytes

CD156bAkaTumornecrosisfactorAlphaConvertingEnzyme(TACE),ADAM17Adhesionstructure;releasessolubleformsoftumornecrosisfactorandtransforminggrowthfactor-alphafromcellsPositivestaining(normal):allcellsexamined,withpro-domainremoved

CD157AkaBonemarrowSTromalcellantigen1(BST1)Facilitatespre-B-cellgrowth33%homologytoCD38OverexpressionmaycausepolyclonalB-cellabnormalitiesinrheumatoidarthritisPositivestaining(normal):granulocytes,monocytes,Bcellprogenitors,Tcellsubpopulations

CD158MemberofKIR(killercellimmunoglobulinlikereceptor)family,alsocalledkillercellinhibitoryreceptorsBindingbyHLAclassImoleculescausesinhibitionofNKorTcellcytotoxicactivityMelanomaspecificcytotoxicTlymphocytesmayexpressKIRandregulatetheirABIlitytokillthesetumorsPositivestaining(normal):Naturalkillercells(NKcells),someTcells

CD158aAkaKIR2DL1/p58.1RegulatesNKcellmediatedcytolyticactivityIncludestwodifferentmoleculeswithinhibitoryandactivationeffects,presumablyencodedbydifferentgenesofthesamefamilyPositivestaining(normal):NKcellsubset

CD158bCD158b1akaKIR2DL2/p58.2CD158b2akaKIR2DL3/p58.3RegulatesNKcellmediatedcytolyticactivityIncludestwodifferentmoleculeswithinhibitoryandactivationeffects,presumablyencodedbydifferentgenesofthesamefamilyPositivestaining(normal):NKcellsubset,rareTcellsCD158c-KIR2DS6/KIRXCD158d-KIR2DL4CD158e1-KIR3DL1/p70CD158e2-KIR3DS1/p70CD158f-KIR2DL5CD158g-KIR2DS5CD158h-KIR2DS1/p50.1CD158i-KIR2DS4/p50.3CD158j-KIR2DS2/p50.2CD158k-KIR3DL2/p140CD158z-KIR3DL7/KIRC1

CD159aAkaNKG2A,killercelllectin-likereceptorsubfamilyCmember1MediatessignalinginthekillingprocessbyNKcellsPositivestaining(normal):NKcells

CD160

AkaBY55

ExpressiontightlyassociatedwithperipheralbloodNKcellsandCD8+Tlymphocyteswithcytolyticeffectoractivity

Positivestaining(normal):circulatingNK(CD56dim,CD116+)andTcells,spleen,smallintestinalintraepitheliallymphocytes

CD161Akakillercelllectin-likereceptorsubfamilyB,member1MaymediateNKcellfunctionPositivestaining(normal):NKcells,subsetofCD4+andCD8+Tcells,memoryTcells,thymocytes(some)

CD162AkaP-SelectinGlycoproteinLigand1,PSGL-1ImportantinadhesiveinteractionsbetweencirculatingleukocytesandplateletsandendothelialcellsMediatesrollingonactivatedendotheliumoractivatedplatelets(whichexpressPselectin/CD62P)andotherleukocytesatinflammatorysitesSiteofbindingofhumangranulocyteehrlichiosisbacteriaPositivestaining(normal):myeloidcells,stimulatedTcells

CD162R

AkaPEN5

Positivestaining(normal):NKcells

CD163Hemoglobin/haptoglobinscavengerreceptorSolubleformattenuatesimmuneresponsePositivestaining(normal):monocytes/macrophages

CD164AkaMUC-24,sialomucinMucin-likecellsurfaceglycoproteinthatfacilitatesadhesionofCD34+cells;regulateshemopoieticcellproliferation

Positivestaining(normal):smallandlargebowelepithelia;lung,thyroidepithelia

Positivestaining(tumors):colorectalcarcinoma,pancreaticadenocarcinoma

CD165InvolvedinadhesionbetweenthymocytesandthymicepithelialcellsPositivestaining(normal):immaturethymocytes,monocytes,platelets,CNSneurons,isletcells,Bowman’scapsuleofkidneyPositivestaining(tumors):manyT-acutelymphoblasticleukemias(ALL)

CD166AkaActivatedLeukocyteCellAdhesionMolecule(ALCAM)Adhesionmolecule,bindstoCD6Involvedinneuronalneuriteextension,embryonichemopoiesis,embryonicangiogenesisPositivestaining(normal):neurons,activatedTcells,activatedmonocytes,epithelium,fibroblasts

CD167aAkaDiscoidinDomainReceptor1,DDR1HashomologousregiontotheDicytosteliumdiscoideumproteindiscoidinIinextracellulardomainTyrosinekinasereceptor,maybeimportantincytoskeletalorganizationandtheabilitytoalignwithothercellsduringaggregationReceptortyrosinekinaseshelpcellscommunicatewiththeirmicroenvironmentandregulatecellgrowth,differentiationandmetabolism.ActivatedbycollagentypesI-V,VIIIMayhavearoleintumorinvasionandmetastasisPositivestaining(normal):epithelialcells(breast,kidney,lung,GI,brain)Positivestaining(tumors):carcinomas(various)

CD168AkaReceptorforHyaluronicAcid-MediatedMotility(RHAMM)BindingtohyaluronstimulatesciliarybeatingAlsohasroleincellsignaling,migrationandadhesionPositivestaining(normal):bronchialepithelium,CNSneurons

CD169AkasialoadhesinMacrophage-restrictedcellularinteractionmoleculethatbindssialylatedligandsHighlyexpressedonmacrophagesinchronicallyinflamedtissues,suchasrheumatoidsynoviumandatheroscleroticplaquesPositivestaining(normal):macrophages(allsitesbutmicroglia)Negativestaining:microglia

CD170AkaSialicacidbindingIG-likeLECtin5(SIGLEC5)Mayfunctionincell-cellinteractionPositivestaining(normal):neutrophils

CD171AkaL1AdhesionmoleculerequiredfornormalneurohistogenesisMutationscauseCRASH(Corpuscallosumhypoplasia/agenesis,Retardation,Aphasia,Spasticparaplegia/shufflinggaitandHydrocephalusduetostenosisofaqueductofSylvius),anXlinkedneurologicdisorderMaymediatekidneybranchingmorphogenesis,maintenanceoflymphnodearchitectureduringimmuneresponse,co-stimulationofT-cellactivationinvitroPositivestaining(normal):post-mitoticneurons,glia,epithelialcells(some),lymphoidcells(some),myeloid(some),monocytes

CD172aAkaSIRPalphaAdhesionstructure　

CD173AkabloodgroupH2MarkerofearlyhemaoiesisPositivestaining(normal):CD34+hemopoieticprogenitorcellsNegativestaining:maturelymphocytes

CD174AkaLewisYantigenMarkerofearlyhemaoiesisPositivestaining(normal):CD34+hemopoieticprogenitorcellsNegativestaining:maturelymphocytes

CD175AkaTnSimplemucin-typecarbohydrateantigenproducedintheinitialstepsofmucinbiosyntheticpathway,duetoaberrantorincompleteglycosylationofmucins

CD175sAkaSialylTn(STN)CarbohydrateassociatedwithapomucinsMUC1,MUC2;producedintheinitialstepsofmucinbiosyntheticpathwayPresenceassociatedwithaggressivetumorsHighpre-operativeserumlevelspredictlivermetastasisandpoorprognosisafterresectionforgastriccancerDefinitivePhaseIIItrialofSTNvaccineinmetastaticbreastcancerpatientsbegan2001Positivestaining(tumors):carcinomas

CD176AkaThomsen-Friedenreich(TF)oncofetalbloodgroupantigen,galactosebeta1-3N-acetylgalactosaminealphaOccursincoloncancerandcolitis

CD177AkaNB1glycoproteinMajorimmunogenicmoleculeofneutrophilmembranePositivestaining(normal):myeloidcells

CD178AkaCD95ligand,Fasligand(FasL)ImportantroleinTcellmediatedcytotoxicity;inducesapoptosisinFas-expressingtargetcellsCellsinimmuneprivilegedsites(testis,anteriorchamberofeye,placenta)constitutivelyexpressFasL,whichinducesapoptosisinFas-expressinginfiltratingTcells,minimizinginflammatoryresponsesthatmightdamageimportantphysiologicfunctionsatthesesitesMayinfluenceinteractionoftumorcellswithhostimmunesystem;theoryisthatFasL+tumorcellsinduceapoptosisininfiltratingFas+mononuclearcellsFas-FasLbindingtriggersapoptosisinlymphocytesMutationsmayberelatedtosomecasesofSystemicLupusErythematosis(SLE)Processedbymetalloproteaseswhichcausesheddingofextracellularportionintoblood(sFasL)Positivestaining(normal):activatedandcytotoxicTcells,testis,anteriorchamberofeye,placenta;alsoSertolicells,neurons,thyroidepithelialcellsPositivestaining(tumors):Reed-SternbergcellsofHodgkin’slymphoma(nodularsclerosisandmixedcellularity,AJSP2001;25:388)Microimages(HumPathsubscribers):benigntamoxifen-exposedpostmenopausalendometrium

CD179aAkaVpreB1Associatesnon-covalentlywithCD179btoformsurrogatelightchainascomponentofpreBcellreceptor,whichplaysacriticalroleinearlyBcelldifferentiationPositivestaining(normal):preBcells

CD179bAkalambda-5Associatesnon-covalentlywithCD179atoformsurrogatelightchainascomponentofpreBcellreceptor,whichplaysacriticalroleinearlyBcelldifferentiationMutationsimpairBcelldevelopmentandcauseagammaglobulinemiaPositivestaining(normal):preBcells

CD180AkaRP105RegulatesBcellrecognitionoflipopolysaccharide,amembraneconstituentofgram-negativebacteriaPositivestaining(normal):mantlezoneandmarginalzoneBcells(strong),otherBcells(weak/negative);peripheralbloodmonocytes,dendriticcells

CD181Noinformationavailable

CD182Noinformationavailable

CD183AkaCXCR3

Receptorforsomechemokines;bindingofchemokinestoCD183inducesintegrinactivation,cytoskeletalchangesandchemotacticmigrationininflammation-associatedeffectorTcellsCD183+Tcellsdetectedininflamedtissuesofpatientswithjuvenilerheumatoidarthritis,multiplesclerosis,sarcoidosis,hepatitisCPositivestaining(normal):Tcellsininflamedtissue,eosinophils,plasmacytoiddendriticcells,hemopoieticprogenitorsNegativestaining:naïveTcellsinperipheralblood

CD184AkaCXCR4,StromalcellDerivedFactor1(SDF1)ReceptorfortheCXCchemokineSDF-1AlsomajorHIV/SIVco-receptor(withCCR5/CD195)InvolvedinBcelldevelopment,myelopoiesis,cardiacventricularseptumformation,bloodvesselformationinGItract,cerebellargranularcelldevelopmentPositivestaining(normal):allmaturebloodcells,bloodprogenitorcells,endothelialandepithelialcells,astrocytes,neurons

CD185Noinformationavailable

CD186Noinformationavailable

CD187Noinformationavailable

CD188Noinformationavailable

CD189Noinformationavailable

CD190Noinformationavailable

CD191Noinformationavailable

CD192Noinformationavailable

CD193Noinformationavailable

CD194Noinformationavailable

CD195AkaCCR5MacrophagesurfacereceptorandattachmentsiteforHIVandSIV,withCXCR4(CD184);workswithCD4ReceptorforCD8chemokinesRANTES,MIP1-alphaandMIP1-beta.

CD196Noinformationavailable

CDw197AkaCCR7

CD198Noinformationavailable

CD199Noinformationavailable

CD200AkaOX2AnimmunoadhesinthatmaydeliverimmunosuppressivesignalsandregulateautoimmunedisordersInhibitoryformacrophagelineagecellsPositivestaining(normal):folliculardendriticcells,thymocytes,Bcells,Tcells,neurons,kidneyglomeruli,syncytiotrophoblast,endothelialcells

CD201BindsproteinCinacalcium-dependentmannerAkaEndothelialProteinCReceptor(EPCR),proteinCreceptorProteinCisavitaminKdependentenzymewithmajorroleincoagulationofblood;activatedwhenthrombinbindstothrombomodulinonendothelium.MutationsinCD201andthrombomodulinassociatedwithlatefetalloss;similarmutationassociatedwithvenousthromboembolismandmyocardialinfarctionPositivestaining(normal):endothelialcells(notinliverandkidney)

CD202bAkaTie2(TyrosinekinasewithIg-likeloopsandEpidermalgrowthfactorhomologydomains),akaTekReceptortyrosinekinaseat#9p21,bindstoangiopoietin-1MaybeearliestmammalianendothelialcelllineagemarkerInvolvedinveinmorphogenesisandcommunicationbetweenendothelialandsmoothmusclecellsforremodelingandrepairofbloodvesselsDefectsassociatedwithinheritedvenousmalformationsPositivestaining(normal):endothelialcells,hemopoieticcells

CD203cAkaE-NPP3/PDNP3Enzymethatcatalyzeshydrolysisofoligonucleotides,nucleosidephosphates,andNADPositivestaining(normal):prostate,uterus,basophils,mastcells,gliomas,myeloidcells

CD204Akamacrophagescavengerreceptor1PlaysaroleinendocytosisofmacromoleculesPositivestaining(normal):myeloidcells

CD205AkaDEC205Possibleantigen-uptakereceptorwitharoleininitiatingimmuneresponsePositivestaining(normal):dendriticcells

CD206AkamacrophagemannosereceptorActsinphagocytosisandpinocytosisofmannose-containingsolutesPositivestaining(normal):dendriticcells

CD207Akalangerin(Langerhanscellspecificc-typelectin)FunctionsasendocyticreceptorLocalizedtoBirbeckgranulesMannosebindingtothisproteinmaycauseantigeninternalizationintoBirbeckgranulesandaccesstoanonclassicalantigen-processingpathwayPositivestaining(normal):Langerhanscells(immaturedendriticcellsofepidermisandmucosa)

CD208DendriticcellLAMP(DC-Lamp)IndicatesdendriticcellmaturationPositivestaining(normal):dendriticcells

CD209AkaDC-SignBindstoHIV1gp120MediatestransientadhesionofdendriticcellswithTcellsPositivestaining(normal):dendriticcells

CDw210AkaIL-10receptorInterleukin-10(124092)producedbyBcells,Thelpercells,andmonocyte/macrophages,exhibitsdiverseactivitiesondifferentcelllinesIL10inhibitsmacrophageactivationbyinterferon-gammaPositivestaining(normal):monocytes,BandTcells,largegranularlymphocytes,spleen,thymus,placenta,lung,liver

CD211Noinformationavailable

CD212AkaIL-12receptorInterleukin-12promotescell-mediatedimmunitytointracellularpathogensbyinducingtype1helperTcellresponsesandinterferon-gammaproduction.LackofIL12associatedwithsevere,idiopathicmycobacterialandSalmonellainfections,maturegranulomasPositivestaining(normal):Tcells,NKcells

CD213a1AkaIL-13receptor,alpha1BindsIL-13withlowaffinityWithIL-4r-alpha,canformafunctionalreceptorforIL-13Positivestaining(normal):ubiquitous,B-cells,T-cellsandendothelialcells,highestlevelsinheart,liver,skeletalmuscleandovary

CD213a2AkaIL-13receptor,alpha2Inhibitsbindingofinterleukin-13totheIL13cellsurfacereceptorPositivestaining(normal):placenta

CD214Noinformationavailable

CD215Noinformationavailable

CD216Noinformationavailable

CDw217AkaIL17receptorCytokinethatisinducedinactivatedCD4+TcellsIL17inducesstromalcellstoproduceproinflammatoryandhemopoieticcytokines;enhancesexpressioninfibroblastsofICAM-1

CD218Noinformationavailable

CD219Noinformationavailable

CD220Akainsulinreceptor

CD221Akainsulin-likegrowthfactor1receptorMediatesinsulinstimulatedDNAsynthesisandIGF1stimulatedcellproliferationanddifferentiationOftenoverexpressedinmalignanttissue,whereitfunctionsasananti-apoptoticagentbyenhancingcellsurvival

CD222Akainsulin-likegrowthfactor2receptor,mannose6phosphatereceptorAlsoareceptorforlysosomalhydrolases(i.e.assistsinsortinglysosomalenzymesfromGolgiapparatusorextracellularspacetolysosomes)

CD223AkaLymphocyte-ActivationGene3(LAG-3)HomologoustoCD4AssociateswithMHCclassIImoleculesonmonocytes/dendriticcells,whicharesubsequentlyactivatedMayhelpactivatedCD4+andCD8+Tcellstofullyactivatemonocytesanddendriticcells,leadingtooptimizedMHCclassIandclassIITcellresponsesPositivestaining(normal):activatedTcells,activatedNKcells

CD224Akagamma-glutamyltransferaseGeneat22q11.1-q11.2Catalyzesthetransferoftheglutamylmoietyofglutathionetoavarietyofaminoacidsanddipeptideacceptors,whichmaintainsahomeostaticbalanceregardingoxidativestress.

CD225AkaLeu13,interferon-inducibletransmembraneprotein1Involvedinrelayingantiproliferativeandhomotypicadhesionsignals

CD226AkaDNAM-1,PlateletandTcellActivationantigen1(PTA1)MediatesadhesiontoanunknownligandTcellexpressionincreasedinsomepatientswithautoimmunediseaseandviralinfectionPositivestaining(normal):NKcells,platelets,monocytes,subsetofBandTcellsNegativestaining:granulocytes,erythrocytes

CD227AkaEMA,MUC1,episialinLargecellsurfacemucinglycoproteinexpressedbymostglandularandductalepithelialcellsandsomehemopoieticcellsHighlyexpressedbymostadenocarcinomas,associatedwithpoorprognosis,HumPath1995;26:432Shedintothebloodstreamofadenocarcinomapatients,usedincommercialserumtumormarkerassays(CA15-3)ExpressedbynearlyallcasesofPaget’sdisease,canusetoscreen/confirmpresenceofPaget’scellsinepidermis,AJSP2001;25:1469Associatedwithinvasioninpancreatictumors,AJSP2002;26:466Positivestaining(normal):apicalsurfaceofalmostallglandularandductalepithelialcellsincludingbreastandpancreas,activatedTcells,monocytes,someBcells,folliculardendriticcells,perineurialcellsPositivestaining(tumors):adenocarcinoma(most),anaplasticlargecelllymphoma,epithelioidsarcoma,meningioma,mesothelioma(some),myeloma,Paget’sdisease,plasmacytomaNegativestaining:hepatocellularandadrenalcarcinoma,germcelltumorMicroimages:synovialsarcomastainingofglandularstructures,urothelialcarcinoma-highgradeReferences:JLeukocBiol2002;72:692

CD228AkamelanotransferrinCell-surfaceglycoproteinfoundonmelanomacells,withsequencesimilarityandiron-bindingpropertiesoftransferrinsuperfamily

CD229AkaLymphocyteantigen9MaybeinvolvedinadhesionbetweenTcellsandaccessorycells

CD230Akaprionprotein(“PRoteinINfectiousagent”)MutationsassociatedwithGerstmann-Strausslerdisease,Creutzfeldt-Jakobdisease(CJD),familialfatalinsomnia,whichareneurodegenerativeconditionstransmissiblebyinoculationorinheritedasautosomaldominantdisordersAberrantisoformscanactasaninfectiousagentinthesedisordersaswellasinkuruandinscrapieinsheepReplication(infectivity)occursasabnormalproteinwithconformationalchangerecruitscellularprionandconvertsitintoinfectiveformwithsameconformationalchangePositivestaining(normal):neurons(nonpathogenicisoform)Reference:176640

CD231AkaTcellAcuteLymphoblasticLeukemiaAntigen-1(TALLA-1),TM4SF2,A15InvolvedinX-linkedmentalretardation,NatGenet2000;24:167Positivestaining(normal):brainneuronsPositivestaining(tumors):Tcellacutelymphoblasticleukemia,neuroblastomacellsNegativestaining:Bcells,monocytes

CD232AkaVirusEncodedSemaphoringProteinReceptor(VESPR)Mayfunctionasanimmunemodulatorduringvirusinfection.

CD233Akaband3Erythrocytemembraneproteinthatfunctionsasananion(chloride/bicarbonate)exchangerandattachmentsiteforCytoskeleton(wherespectrin/actinbindtomembranelipidbilayer)TruncatedformofCD233isexpressedinkidneyandinvolvedinacidsecretionMutationscausehereditaryspherocytosisordistalrenaltubularacidosis(duetodefectiveacidsecretion)OthermutationscausenovelbloodgroupantigenswhichformtheDiegobloodgroupsystemSoutheastAsianovalocytosisisduetoheterozygousdeletions,commonwherePlasmodiumfalciparummalariaisendemic,associatedwithabnormallyrigid,stomatocyticerythrocytes,asymptomatic;childrenareprotectedagainstcerebralmalariaPositivestaining(normal):erythrocyteplasmamembrane(strong),basolateralmembraneofa-intercalatedcellsofthedistaltubulesandcollectingductsofthekidneyNegativestaining:allothercells

CD234AkaDuffybloodgroupantigen(Fyglycoprotein);erythrocytechemokinereceptor,DuffyAntigenReceptorforChemokines(DARC)RBCreceptorforPlasmodiumvivax,amalarialparasiteNegativityassociatedwithsicklecelltrait,duetocommonprotectionagainstmalariaprovidedbybothtraitsAfrican-AmericansoftenDuffynegativeandresistanttoP.vivaxmalariaPositivestaining(normal):endothelialcellsofpost-capillaryvenules,Purkinjecellsofcerebellum

CD235a

AkaGlycophorinA

GlycophorinsAandBaremajorsialoglycoproteinsofthehumanerythrocytemembraneContainsantigenicdeterminantsfortheMNbloodgroupPositivestaining(normal):erythroidcells

CD235b

AkaGlycophorinB

GlycophorinsAandBaremajorsialoglycoproteinsofthehumanerythrocytemembraneContainsantigenicdeterminantsfortheMNbloodgroupPositivestaining(normal):erythroidcells

CD235ab

AkaGlycophorinA/Bcrossreactiveantibodies

Positivestaining(normal):erythroidcells

CD236

AkaGlycophorinC/D

Positivestaining(normal):erythroidcells