RNAiGlossary

• Dicer-DicerisamemberoftheRNaseIIIfamilyofnucleasesthatspecificallycleavedouble-strandedRNAs.DicerprocesseslongdsRNAintosiRNAof21-23nt.

• Interferon-Asmallandhighlypotentmoleculethatfunctionsinanautocrineandparacrinemanner,andthatinducescellstoresistviralreplication.ThistermisrelatedtoRNAibecauseinmammalsintroductionofdsRNAlongerthan30ntinducesasequence-nonspecificinterferonresponse.

• Micro-RNA-Micro-RNAs(miRNA)aresingle-strandedRNAsof22-ntthatareprocessedfrom~70-nthairpinRNAprecursorsbyRnaseIIInucleaseDicer.SimilartosiRNAs,miRNAscansilencegeneactivityviadestructionofhomologousmRNAinplantsorblockingitstranslationinplantsandanimals.

• Post-TranscriptionalGeneSilencing-Post-transcriptionalgenesilencing(PTGS)isasequence-specificRNAdegradationsystemdesignedtoactasananti-viraldefensemechanism.AformofPTGStriggeredbytransgenicDNA,calledco-suppression,wasinitiallydescribedinplantsandarelatedphenomenon,termedquelling,waslaterobservedinthefilamentousfungusNeurosporacrassa

• Ribozyme-RibozymesareRNAmoleculesthatactasenzymesintheabsenceofproteins.

• RNAInterference-RNAInterference(RNAi),atermcoinedbyFireetalin1998,isaphenomenonthatsmalldouble-strandedRNA(referredassmallinterferenceRNAorsiRNA)caninduceefficientsequence-specificsilenceofgeneexpression.

• RNA-DirectedDNAMethylation-RNA-directedDNAmethylation(RdDM)isanRNAdirectedsilencingmechanismfoundinplants.SimilartoRNAinterference(RNAi),RdDMrequiresadouble-strandRNAthatiscutintoshort21-26-ntfragments.DNAsequenceshomologoustotheseshortRNAsarethenmethylatedandsilenced.

• RNA-InducedSilencingComplex-RNA-inducedsilencingcomplex(RISC)isansiRNA-directedendonuclease,catalyzingcleavageofasinglephosphodiesterbondontheRNAtarget.

• RNAiTrigger-RNAitriggersaredouble-strandedRNAscontaining21-23ntsenseandantisensstrandshybridizedtohave2ntoverhangsatboth3"ends.

• SmallInterferingRNA-SmallInterferingRNA(siRNA)is21-23-ntdouble-strandRNA.ItguidesthecleavageanddegradationofitscognateRNA.

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