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HIGH EFFICIENCY TRANSFORMATION
HighEfficiencyTransformationProtocol
Thisprotocolcanbeusedtogeneratesufficienttransformantsinasinglereactiontoscreenmultipleyeastgenomeequivalentsforplasmidsthatcomplementaspecificmutation.Itcanalsobeusedtotransformintegratingplasmids,DNAfragmentsandoligonucleotidesforyeastgenomemanipulation.Finally,itisusedtooptimisetheconditionsfortransformationofaparticularyeaststrain,forexample,thetransformationofaplasmidlibraryintoatwo-hybridyeaststraintransformedwithabaitplasmidbytheRapidTransformationProtocol.TheHighEfficiencyProtocolcanalsobeemployedtotransformayeaststrainsimultaneouslywithtwodifferentplasmids,suchasthetwo-hybridbaitandpreyplasmids.
Day1
Inoculatetheyeaststraininto5mlofliquidmedium(2xYPADorSCselectionmedium)andincubateovernightonarotaryshakerat200rpmand30°C.PlaceabottleofdoublestrengthYPADbroth(2xYPAD)anda250mlcultureflaskintheincubatoraswell.
Day2
1.Determinethetiteroftheyeastculturebypipetting10mlofcellsinto1.0mlofwaterinaspectrophotometercuvetteandmeasuringtheODat600nm.FormanyyeaststrainsasUSPensioncontaining1x106cells/mlwillgiveanOD600of0.1.Alternatively,titerthecultureusingahemocytometer.seenote:
Note:
i)DiluteovernightYPADorSCcultures10-1ormoreinwater.
ii)Carefullyplace10µlofthecellsuspensionbetweenthecoverslipandthebaseofhaemocytometer.Letthecellssettleontothehaemocytometergridforafewminutes.Thegridareaistypically1squaremillimeter,dividedinto25equal-sizedsquares,andthevolumemeasuredis10-4ml.
ii)Countthenumberofcellsin5diagonalsquares
iv)Calculatethecelltiterasfollows:cellscountedx5xdilutionfactorx1/volumemeasuredbythe25squaresofthehaemocytometer.239cellsx5x10(dilutionfactor)x1/10-4ml=1.2x108cells/ml.
v)Saccharomycescerevisiaedividesbybuddingfromamothercell.Countbuddedcellsasasinglecells.Countcellswithequalbudsizesastwocellswhenthereisevidenceofadditionalbudsformingoneithercell.Somestrainsformclumpsofcellswhichreduceplatingefficiency.Asingleclumpofcellswillonlygiverisetoonecolonyonaplate,whichmaycomplicatefurtheranalysis.
2.Transfer50mlofthepre-warmed2xYPADtothepre-warmedcultureflaskandadd2.5x108cellstogive5x106cells/ml.
3.Incubatetheflaskonarotaryorreciprocatingshakerat30°Cand200rpm.
Note:
- i)Itisimportanttoallowthecellstocompleteatleasttwodivisions.
- ii)Thiswilltake3to5hours.
- iii)Thisculturewillgivesufficientcellsfor10transformations.iv)Transformationefficiency(transformants/µgplasmid/108cells)remainsconstantfor3to4celldivisions.
4.Whenthecelltiterisatleast2x107cells/ml,whichshouldtakeabout4hours,harvestthecellsbycentrifugationat3000gfor5min,washthecellsin25mlofsterilewaterandresuspendin1mlofsterilewater.
5.Boila1.0mlsampleofcarrierDNAfor5minandchillinanice/waterbathwhileharvestingthecells.
****ItisnotnecessaryordesirabletoboilthecarrierDNAeverytime.Keepasmallaliquotinyourownfreezerboxandboilafter3-4freeze-thaws.Butkeeponicewhenout.****
6.Transferthecellsuspensiontoa1.5mlmicrocentrifugetube,centrifugefor30secanddiscardthesupernatant.
7.Addwatertoafinalvolumeof1.0mlandvortexmixvigorouslytoresuspendthecells.
Note:Ifthecelltiterofthecultureisgreaterthan2x107cells/mlthevolumethenincreasethevolumetomaintainthetiterofthissuspensionat2x109cells/ml.Ifthetiterofthecultureislessthan2x107cells/mlthendecreasevolume.
8.Pipette100µlsamples(ca.108cells)into1.5mlmicrofugetubes,oneforeachtransformation,centrifugeattopspeedfor30secandremovethesupernatant.
9.MakeupsufficientTransformationMixfortheplannednumberoftransformationsplusoneextra.KeeptheTransformationMixinice/water.
10.Add360µlofTransformationMixtoeachtransformationtubeandresuspendthecellsbyvortexmixingvigorously.
11.Incubatethetubesina42°Cwaterbathfor40min.
Note:Theoptimumtimecanvaryfordifferentyeaststrains.Pleasetestthisifyouneedhighefficiencyfromyourtransformations.
12.Microcentrifugeattopspeedfor30secandremovetheTransformationMixwithamicropipettor.
13.Pipette1.0mlofsterilewaterintoeachtube;stirthepelletbywithamicropipettetipandvortex.
Note:WeliketobeagentleaspossIBLeatthisstepifhighefficiencyisimportant.Excessivewashingwashesawaytransformants!!!!
14.PlateappropriatedilutionsofthecellsuspensionontoSCselectionmedium.Fortransformationwithanintegratingplasmid(YIp),linearconstructoroligonucleotide,plate200µlontoeachof5plates;foraYEp,YRporYCplibraryplasmiddilute10µlofthesuspensioninto1.0µlofwaterandplate10and100µlsamplesontotwoplateseach.The10µlsamplesshouldbepipetteddirectlyinto100µlpuddlesofsterilewaterontheSCselectionmedium.
Note:WhenspreADIngyeastinoculumontotheplategentlydistributethefluidcompletelywithasterileglassrodwithaminimumofstrokes.Allowthefluidtobetakenupbytheplatepriortoincubation.
15.Incubatetheplatesat30°Cfor3to4daysandcountthenumberoftransformants.Thetransformationefficiency(transformants/1µgplasmid/108cells)canbedeterminedbycalculatingthenumberoftransformantsin1.0mlofresuspendedcellsper1.0microgramplasmidper108cells.Forexample,ifthetransformationof1.0x108cellswith100nanogramplasmidresultedin500coloniesonaplateofSCdropoutmediumspreadwith1µlofsuspension(usuallydispensedintoa100µlpuddleofsterilewaterontheplate).TransformationEfficiency=500x1000(platingfactor)x10(plasmidfactor)x1(cells/transformationx108).TransformationEfficiency=5x106transformants/1.0µgplasmid/108cells.Transformationefficiencydeclinesasplasmidconcentrationisincreased(Gietzetal.1995)buttheactualyieldoftransformantspertransformationincreases.Forexample,100nanogramofplasmidinatransformationmightgiveaTransformationEfficiencyof5x106andayieldof5x105transformantswhereaswith1µgofplasmidtheTransformationEfficiencymightbe2x106andtheyield2x106pertransformation.Inordertoobtain5x106transformantsitissimplertosetuptwoorthreetransformationswith1µgofplasmidDNA,orasingle3foldscaleduptransformation,thantocarryout10reactionswith100ngofplasmidineach.
Note:Twoplasmids,suchasanexpressionplasmidandalibraryplasmidpool,canbeco-transformedintoasinglecellbyincludingbothplasmidsinthesametransformationreaction.Theefficiencyisreduced,however,becauseonlyabout30-40%ofalltransformedcellstakeupmorethanoneplasmidmolecule.Analternativeapproach,whichhasahigherefficiencyistotransformintheexpressionplasmidfirst,usingthisortheQuickandEasyprotocol,andthenusetheprotocolfoundonthe2HybridSystemTRAFOPagetotransforminthelibraryplasmidpool.
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NumberofTransformations
Reagents 1 5(6X) 10(11X) PEG350050%w/v 240µl
1440µl 2640µl LiAc1.0M 36µl
216µl 396µl BoiledSS-carrierDNA 50µl
300µl 550µl PlasmidDNAplusWater 34µl
204µl 374µl Total 360µl
2160µl 3960µl
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