其它成像系统

HIGH EFFICIENCY TRANSFORMATION

AllSolutionsfortheLiAc/SS-DNA/PEGTRAFOProtocolarelistedintheTRAFOSolutionsPage.



HighEfficiencyTransformationProtocol

Thisprotocolcanbeusedtogeneratesufficienttransformantsinasinglereactiontoscreenmultipleyeastgenomeequivalentsforplasmidsthatcomplementaspecificmutation.Itcanalsobeusedtotransformintegratingplasmids,DNAfragmentsandoligonucleotidesforyeastgenomemanipulation.Finally,itisusedtooptimisetheconditionsfortransformationofaparticularyeaststrain,forexample,thetransformationofaplasmidlibraryintoatwo-hybridyeaststraintransformedwithabaitplasmidbytheRapidTransformationProtocol.TheHighEfficiencyProtocolcanalsobeemployedtotransformayeaststrainsimultaneouslywithtwodifferentplasmids,suchasthetwo-hybridbaitandpreyplasmids.


Day1

Inoculatetheyeaststraininto5mlofliquidmedium(2xYPADorSCselectionmedium)andincubateovernightonarotaryshakerat200rpmand30°C.PlaceabottleofdoublestrengthYPADbroth(2xYPAD)anda250mlcultureflaskintheincubatoraswell.


Day2

1.Determinethetiteroftheyeastculturebypipetting10mlofcellsinto1.0mlofwaterinaspectrophotometercuvetteandmeasuringtheODat600nm.FormanyyeaststrainsasUSPensioncontaining1x106cells/mlwillgiveanOD600of0.1.Alternatively,titerthecultureusingahemocytometer.seenote:


    Note:

      i)DiluteovernightYPADorSCcultures10-1ormoreinwater.

      ii)Carefullyplace10µlofthecellsuspensionbetweenthecoverslipandthebaseofhaemocytometer.Letthecellssettleontothehaemocytometergridforafewminutes.Thegridareaistypically1squaremillimeter,dividedinto25equal-sizedsquares,andthevolumemeasuredis10-4ml.

      ii)Countthenumberofcellsin5diagonalsquares

      iv)Calculatethecelltiterasfollows:cellscountedx5xdilutionfactorx1/volumemeasuredbythe25squaresofthehaemocytometer.239cellsx5x10(dilutionfactor)x1/10-4ml=1.2x108cells/ml.

      v)Saccharomycescerevisiaedividesbybuddingfromamothercell.Countbuddedcellsasasinglecells.Countcellswithequalbudsizesastwocellswhenthereisevidenceofadditionalbudsformingoneithercell.Somestrainsformclumpsofcellswhichreduceplatingefficiency.Asingleclumpofcellswillonlygiverisetoonecolonyonaplate,whichmaycomplicatefurtheranalysis.


      2.Transfer50mlofthepre-warmed2xYPADtothepre-warmedcultureflaskandadd2.5x108cellstogive5x106cells/ml.

      3.Incubatetheflaskonarotaryorreciprocatingshakerat30°Cand200rpm.

          Note:

          i)Itisimportanttoallowthecellstocompleteatleasttwodivisions.
          ii)Thiswilltake3to5hours.
          iii)Thisculturewillgivesufficientcellsfor10transformations.iv)Transformationefficiency(transformants/µgplasmid/108cells)remainsconstantfor3to4celldivisions.

          4.Whenthecelltiterisatleast2x107cells/ml,whichshouldtakeabout4hours,harvestthecellsbycentrifugationat3000gfor5min,washthecellsin25mlofsterilewaterandresuspendin1mlofsterilewater.

          5.Boila1.0mlsampleofcarrierDNAfor5minandchillinanice/waterbathwhileharvestingthecells.

          ****ItisnotnecessaryordesirabletoboilthecarrierDNAeverytime.Keepasmallaliquotinyourownfreezerboxandboilafter3-4freeze-thaws.Butkeeponicewhenout.****

          6.Transferthecellsuspensiontoa1.5mlmicrocentrifugetube,centrifugefor30secanddiscardthesupernatant.

          7.Addwatertoafinalvolumeof1.0mlandvortexmixvigorouslytoresuspendthecells.

              Note:Ifthecelltiterofthecultureisgreaterthan2x107cells/mlthevolumethenincreasethevolumetomaintainthetiterofthissuspensionat2x109cells/ml.Ifthetiterofthecultureislessthan2x107cells/mlthendecreasevolume.

          8.Pipette100µlsamples(ca.108cells)into1.5mlmicrofugetubes,oneforeachtransformation,centrifugeattopspeedfor30secandremovethesupernatant.

          9.MakeupsufficientTransformationMixfortheplannednumberoftransformationsplusoneextra.KeeptheTransformationMixinice/water.

          10.Add360µlofTransformationMixtoeachtransformationtubeandresuspendthecellsbyvortexmixingvigorously.

          11.Incubatethetubesina42°Cwaterbathfor40min.

              Note:Theoptimumtimecanvaryfordifferentyeaststrains.Pleasetestthisifyouneedhighefficiencyfromyourtransformations.

          12.Microcentrifugeattopspeedfor30secandremovetheTransformationMixwithamicropipettor.

          13.Pipette1.0mlofsterilewaterintoeachtube;stirthepelletbywithamicropipettetipandvortex.

              Note:WeliketobeagentleaspossIBLeatthisstepifhighefficiencyisimportant.Excessivewashingwashesawaytransformants!!!!

          14.PlateappropriatedilutionsofthecellsuspensionontoSCselectionmedium.Fortransformationwithanintegratingplasmid(YIp),linearconstructoroligonucleotide,plate200µlontoeachof5plates;foraYEp,YRporYCplibraryplasmiddilute10µlofthesuspensioninto1.0µlofwaterandplate10and100µlsamplesontotwoplateseach.The10µlsamplesshouldbepipetteddirectlyinto100µlpuddlesofsterilewaterontheSCselectionmedium.

              Note:WhenspreADIngyeastinoculumontotheplategentlydistributethefluidcompletelywithasterileglassrodwithaminimumofstrokes.Allowthefluidtobetakenupbytheplatepriortoincubation.

          15.Incubatetheplatesat30°Cfor3to4daysandcountthenumberoftransformants.Thetransformationefficiency(transformants/1µgplasmid/108cells)canbedeterminedbycalculatingthenumberoftransformantsin1.0mlofresuspendedcellsper1.0microgramplasmidper108cells.Forexample,ifthetransformationof1.0x108cellswith100nanogramplasmidresultedin500coloniesonaplateofSCdropoutmediumspreadwith1µlofsuspension(usuallydispensedintoa100µlpuddleofsterilewaterontheplate).TransformationEfficiency=500x1000(platingfactor)x10(plasmidfactor)x1(cells/transformationx108).TransformationEfficiency=5x106transformants/1.0µgplasmid/108cells.Transformationefficiencydeclinesasplasmidconcentrationisincreased(Gietzetal.1995)buttheactualyieldoftransformantspertransformationincreases.Forexample,100nanogramofplasmidinatransformationmightgiveaTransformationEfficiencyof5x106andayieldof5x105transformantswhereaswith1µgofplasmidtheTransformationEfficiencymightbe2x106andtheyield2x106pertransformation.Inordertoobtain5x106transformantsitissimplertosetuptwoorthreetransformationswith1µgofplasmidDNA,orasingle3foldscaleduptransformation,thantocarryout10reactionswith100ngofplasmidineach.

            Note:Twoplasmids,suchasanexpressionplasmidandalibraryplasmidpool,canbeco-transformedintoasinglecellbyincludingbothplasmidsinthesametransformationreaction.Theefficiencyisreduced,however,becauseonlyabout30-40%ofalltransformedcellstakeupmorethanoneplasmidmolecule.Analternativeapproach,whichhasahigherefficiencyistotransformintheexpressionplasmidfirst,usingthisortheQuickandEasyprotocol,andthenusetheprotocolfoundonthe2HybridSystemTRAFOPagetotransforminthelibraryplasmidpool.

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          NumberofTransformations

          Reagents

          1

          5(6X)

          10(11X)
          PEG350050%w/v

          240µl

          1440µl2640µl
          LiAc1.0M

          36µl

          216µl396µl
          BoiledSS-carrierDNA

          50µl

          300µl550µl
          PlasmidDNAplusWater

          34µl

          204µl374µl

          Total

          360µl

          2160µl3960µl