Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) controls the production, differentiation, and function of granulocytes and macrophages. The active form of the protein is a homodimer. GM-CSF stimulates the growth and differentiation of hematopoietic precursor cells from various lineages, including granulocytes, macrophages, eosinophils, and erythrocytes.

This protein is produced in yeast as a single glycosylated peptide chain of 127 amino acids with a molecular weight of 26-32 kDa. Recombinant GM-CSF differs from native human GM-CSF by an arginine to leucine substitution at amino acid 23. The carbohydrate moiety of the recombinant form may be different than that of the native protein. rGM-CSF is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques. The first five amino acids have been sequenced and found to be APARS.

The protein was lyophilized from a 1 mg/ml solution containing 10 mM phosphate buffer pH 7.0 containing mannitol and sucrose as stabilizers. The purity is greater than 97% as determined by reverse-phase HPLC and SDS-PAGE. The ED50 is determined by stimulation of human TF-1 cells and is less than 0.183 ng/ml, corresponding to a specific activity of 5,500,000 IU/mg.

Advanced Targeting Solutions（ATS）是一家位于圣地亚哥的生物技术公司，致力于为科学研究和药物开发提供高质量的靶向试剂。ATS被称为“萨波林人”，最初致力于为神经科学研究界提供研究工具。多年来，这些工具已用于科学研究和药物开发的所有领域。公司目前的产品线包括针对性毒素，抗体和定制服务，旨在帮助科学家研究系统功能，细胞功能，疾病和病症。ATS率先将靶向结合物用于“分子手术”技术。这些产品包括针对胆碱能性前脑神经元，去甲肾上腺素能和肾上腺素能神经元，巨噬细胞和小胶质细胞的特定损伤剂，以及能侵袭所有神经元上表达的抗原决定簇的泛神经元剂。此外，ATS还出售“次级结合物”，使用户可以将自己的靶向剂转化为特定的细胞毒性工具，并筛选抗体进行内在化。ATS已商业化，并提供了由Douglas Lappi博士开发和完善的Saporin技术平台的访问权限。拉皮博士与医学博士Ronald Wiley合作。在他们的学术实验室中，以验证使用主要的皂素结合物192-IgG-SAP来建立阿尔茨海默氏病模型。丹妮丝·希金斯（Denise Higgins）将她的业务专长和国际销售/营销经验带到了团队中，并将继续致力于将这一创新技术带给全球科学家。