Description: TLR9, Human, control (ODN A151)
HC4077 can be used as control reagent. TLR9 antagonist HC4076 is an ODN used to inhibit preferably human Toll-like receptor 9. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are highly conserved from Drosophila to humans and share structural and functional similarities. TLRs constitute of a family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that mediate cellular responses to a large variety of pathogens (viruses, bacteria, and parasites) by specific recognition of so-called ‘pathogen-associated molecular patterns’. Activation of TLRs leads to activation of NFκB-dependent and IFN regulatory factor-dependent signaling pathways. TLRs are differentially expressed among tissues and cell types by various cells of the immune system, such as macrophages and dendritic cells. They recognize and respond to molecules derived from bacterial, viral and fungal pathogens.Whereas most TLRs are expressed on the cell surface, TLR9 is expressed intracellularly within one or more endosomal compartments and recognizes nucleic acids. TLR9 detects a rather subtle difference in the DNA of vertebrates compared with that of pathogens. Vertebrate genomic DNAs have mostly methylated CpG dinucleotides where bacterial and viral DNAs have unmethylated CpG dinucleotides. TLR9 undergoes relocation from endoplasmic reticulum to CpG-ODN-containing endosomes. In these endosomes TLR9 becomes a functional receptor after proteolytic cleavage. TLR9 exists as a preformed homodimer and CpG-ODN binding promotes its conformational change, bringing the cytoplasmic TIR-like domains close to each other. This allows a recruitment of the key adapter protein MyD88 which initiates a signaling cascade.Certain DNA sequences can suppress innate immune activation and have been shown to be effective in eg arthritis and SLE. The TTAGGG repeat is such sequence and is commonly found in mammalian telomeric DNA. Suppressive synthetic ODNs prevent TLR9 activation by binding to unmethylated CpG DNA. ODN A151 functions as a competitive inhibitor by binding to AIM2 and IFI16 and competing with these sensors for stimulatory DNA ligands.Specifications:
| HC4077-01 |
| Proteins |
| 250 µg |
| Human |
| Toll-like receptor 9, CD289Gene name: Tlr9 |
| Lyophilized product in MilliQ, containing approximately 250 µg. Reconstitute the vial by pipetting 1 ml distilled or de-ionized water (Caution: vial is under vacuum). The exact protein concentration is indicated on the label. |
| Dilutions to be used depend on detection system applied. It is recommended that users test the reagent and determine their own optimal dilutions. |
| Functional studies |
| Lyophilized product should be stored at 4°C. Store stock solution in aliquots at –20°C. Repeated freeze and thaw cycles will cause loss of activity. Under recommended storage conditions, product is stable for one year. |
| 1. Shirota, H et al; Suppressive Oligodeoxynucleotides Protect Mice from Lethal Endotoxic Shock. J Immunol 2005, 174:45792. Lenert, P; Classification,Mechanisms of Action, and Therapeutic Applications of Inhibitory Oligonucleotides for Toll-Like Receptors (TLR) 7 and 9. Med of Inflam 2010 |
| For research use only. Not for use in or on humans or animals or for diagnostics. It is the responsibility of the user to comply with all local/state and federal rules in the use of this product. Hycult Biotech is not responsible for any patent infringements that might result from the use or derivation of this product. |
| Infectious diseases |
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