Exosomesaresmallmembrane-boundvesiclesthatinrecentyearshaveemergedasimportantmoleculesforinter-cellularcommunication.Exosomesareproducedduringbothnormalandpathophysiologicalconditions,andcancercellshavebeenshowntosecreteexosomesingreateramountsthannormalcells.TheexosomalMarkerscontainedinthiskitareAlix,AnnexinV,ICAM-1,CD9,GM130,EpCAM,flotillin,andHSP70.Alix,acytosolicscaffoldprotein,regulatesmanycellularprocessesincludingendocyticmembranetrafficking,celladhesionthroughinteractionswithESCRT(endosomalsortingcomplexrequiredfortransport)proteins,endophilins,andCIN85(Cbl-Interactingproteinof85kD).AnnexinVisa~30kDproteinthatbindstophospho-lipidsinacalcium-dependentmanner.AllannexinscontainaputativePKCbindingsite,butonlyannexinVhasbeenidentifiedasaninhibitorofthispathway.Intracellularcell|adhesionmolecule-1(CD54orICAM-1)isacellsurfaceglycoproteinthatbelongstotheimmunoglobulinsuperfamily(IgSF)ofadhesionmolecules.CD54isexpressedatlowlevelsindiversecelltypes,andisinducedbycytokines(TNFalpha,interleukin-1)andbacteriallipopolysaccharides.Apicallocalizationonendothelialcells(orbasolaterallocalizationonepithelialcells)isaprerequisiteforleukocytetraffickingthroughtheendothelial(orepithelial)barrier.TheCD9antigenbelongstothetetraspaninfamilyofcellsurfaceglycoproteins.Tetraspaninsinteractwithavarietyofcellsurface|proteinsandintracellularsignalingmoleculesinspecializedtetraspanin-enrichedmicrodomains(TEMs),wheretheymediatearangeofprocessesincludingadhesion,motility,membraneorganization,andsignaltransduction.AdditionalresearchidentifiedCD9asanabudantcomponentofexosomes,andmayplayaroleinthefusionofthesesecretedmembranevesicleswithrecipientcells.GM130isrequiredformembranefusioneventsthatmediateribbonformationduringGolgiassembly.TheGolgiapparatusfunctionsinthemodification,organization,andtransportofproteinsandmembranetargetedtootherpartsofthecell,suchastheplasmamembrane,lysosomes,andendosomes.Thisregulatedtransportisimportantforappropriateproteinlocalization,secretion,andsignaltransduction.Epithelialcelladhesionandactivationmolecule(EpCAM/CD326)isatransmembraneglycoproteinthatmediatescalcium-independent,hemophilicadhesionsonthebasolateralsurfaceofmostepithelialcells.Oneofthefirsttumor-associatedantigensdiscovered,|EpCAMhaslongbeenamarkerofepithelialandtumortissue.ResearchstudieshaveshownthatEpCAMishighlyexpressedincancercellsandcanbeusedasabiomarkerforthedetectionoftumor-derivedexposomes.Flotillinsbelongtoafamiyoflipidraft-associatedintegralmembraneproteinsthatareubiquitouslyexpressedandlocatedtolipidraftson|thecellplasmamembranewheretheysupportsignaltransductionandregulatelipidraftmotilityandlocalization.Inadditiontoitscolocalizationwithlipidraftsontheplasmamembrane,flotillin-1alsohasbeenfoundatcompartmentsoftheendocyticandautophagosomalpathways,suchasrecycling/lateendosomes,theGolgicomplex,aswellasthenucleus.|HSP70isamolecularchaperoneexpressedconstituitivelyundernormalconditionstomaintainproteinhomeostatisandisinduceduponenvironmentalstress.HSP70isabletointeractwithunfoldedproteinstopreventirreversIBLeaggregationandcatalyzetherefoldingoftheirsubstratesinanATPandco-chaperonedependentmanner.Animmuneresponseiseliciteduponexcretionofheatshockproteinsfromtumorexosomes.

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