Jin-Chong Xu,^1,2* Jing Fan,^1,2* Xueqing Wang,^1,2 Stephen M. Eacker,^1,2 Tae-In Kam,^1,2 Li Chen,^1,2 Xiling Yin,^1,2 Juehua Zhu,^1,2,3 Zhikai Chi,^1,2 Haisong Jiang,^1,2 Rong Chen,^1,2 Ted M. Dawson,^1,2,4,5† Valina L. Dawson^1,2,4,6†Translating neuroprotective treatments from discovery in cell and animal models to the clinic has proven challenging.To reduce the gap between basic studies of neurotoxicity and neuroprotection and clinically relevant therapies, we developed a human cortical neuron culture system from human embryonic stem cells or human inducible pluripotent stem cells that generated both excitatory and inhibitory neuronal networksresembling the composition of the humancortex. This methodology used timed administration of retinoic acid to FOXG1+ neural precursor cells leading to differentiation of neuronal populations representative of the six cortical layers with both excitatory and inhibitory neuronal networks that were functional and homeostatically stable. In human cortical neuronal cultures, excitotoxicity orischemia due to oxygen and glucose deprivation led to cell death that was dependent on N-methyl-D-aspartate(NMDA) receptors, nitric oxide (NO), and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) (a cell death pathway called parthanatos that is distinct from apoptosis, necroptosis, and other forms of cell death). Neuronal cell death was attenuated by PARP inhibitors that are currently in clinical trials for cancer treatment. This culture system provides a new platform for the study of human cortical neurotoxicity and suggests that PARP inhibitors may be useful for ameliorating excitotoxic and  ischemic cell death in human neurons.查看更多：http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/8/333/333ra48 

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